Lecture 2 - Cellular neuroanatomy

Question 1

name the 3 main functions of the cerebellum

Answer 1

coordination of muscle movement, maintaining posture and balance

Question 2

which automatic functions can the brainstem carry out?

Answer 2

breathing, heart rate, temperature, circadian cycles, sneezing, vomiting

Question 3

how many of the 12 cranial nerves originate in the brainstem?

Answer 3

ten

Question 4

which ventricle goes into the brainstem?

Answer 4

forth ventricle

Question 5

which 2 ventricles are located most superiorly in the brain? which ventricle sits beneath these 2?

Answer 5

lateral ventricles, third ventricle

Question 6

name the 5 types of glial cells in the CNS/PNS

Answer 6

ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Question 7

which type of glial cell lines the ventricles and guide cell migration during development?

Answer 7

ependymal

Question 8

which type of glial cells are phagocytic?

Answer 8

microglia

Question 9

which type of glial cells are the largest and are the most abdundant?

Answer 9

astrocytes

Question 10

which type of neuronal cells are found in the cerebellum and release GABA?

Answer 10

purkinje cells

Question 11

rank these cytoskeletal filaments in order of shortest diameter to longest: microfilaments, microtubules, neurofilaments

Answer 11

shortest: microfilalments (5nm)
neurofilaments (10nm)
microtubules (20nm)

Question 12

which cytoskeletal filament runs the length of the axon, aiding transport down it in a neuron?

Answer 12

microtubule

Question 13

membrane organelles in a neuron carry out ….. axonal transport which is …… and ……

Answer 13

fast, antero, retro

Question 14

cytosolic proteins in a neuron carry out …… axonal transport which is purely …..

Answer 14

slow, anterograde

Question 15

name the 4 ways in which neurons can be classified

Answer 15

by neurite number (unipolar,bipolar,multipolar), by dendritic tree (pyramid vs star vs spiny), by axon length and by neurotransmitter type

Question 16

what do oligodendroytes provide around axons in the brain and the spinal cord? what provides this in the PNS?

Answer 16

myelin sheath, schwann cells

Question 17

what is the function of astrocytes relating to to neurons and neuronal connections?

Answer 17

fill the space between neurons and induce,stabilise and modulate neuronal connections

Question 18

by which 2 ways do astrocytes regulate the content of the extracellular space?

Answer 18

recycle neurotransmitters, possess neurotransmitter receptors themselves

Question 19

name the 5 functions of astrocytes

Answer 19

• Fill almost all of the space between
  neurons
• Induce, stabilise, and modulate neuronal
  connections
• Regulate content of extracellular space
• Regulate blood flow to areas of neuronal
  activity
• Control CNS regeneration
  Astrocytes

Question 20

name the 3 functions of the BBB

Answer 20

maintains stable brain environment, barrier to poisons and chemicals, regulates nutrient supplies e.g glucose

Question 21

barriers around vessels in the BBB are formed from which type of glial cell?

Answer 21

astrocyte

Question 22

what type of cellular junction is in the BBB so that there are no pores in blood vessels?

Answer 22

tight junction