Lecture 4 - Methods in research in cellular neuroscience

Question 1

voltage clamp technique unveils what?

Answer 1

voltage dependent currents

Question 2

voltage clamp holds the current at specific voltages and measures what?

Answer 2

the current required to clamp

Question 3

the capacitative current is the work required to change what?

Answer 3

voltage

Question 4

when mV reaches which value, the dip at the start of the curve reverses?

Answer 4

+50mV

Question 5

adding tetraethyl-ammonium causes the ….. current to become blocked, lowering the rising curve

Answer 5

K+

Question 6

adding tetradotoxin causes which current to become blocked, reducing the dip at the start of the curve?

Answer 6

Na+

Question 7

a current clamp is a closer simulation of normal neuronal behaviour allowing what to be analysed?

Answer 7

firing patterns

Question 8

which two people invented patch clamping?

Answer 8

sakmann and neher

Question 9

sakmann and neher found that the whole cell response is equivalent to what?

Answer 9

the average of many individual channels

Question 10

what effect does pentobarbitone have on the opening times of GABA channels?

Answer 10

extends them and locks them open

Question 11

what effect do diazepenes have on GABA channels?

Answer 11

make it easier for the channels to open

Question 12

how is time between two action potentials calculated? what is the equation for speed?

Answer 12

speed = distance/delay

Question 13

in calcium imaging, a change in what indicates that calcium is bound/cell is active and firing?

Answer 13

fluorescence

Question 14

name a disorder that calcium imaging can be useful to monitor?

Answer 14

epilepsy

Question 15

which imaging technique allows imaging deep into living tissue?

Answer 15

2-photon microscopy

Question 16

Excitatory Channel rhodopsin is a ……… cation channel

Answer 16

non specific

Question 17

Inhibitory Halorhodopsin is an electrogenic …….. pump – drives it into cells

Answer 17

chlorine

Question 18

Inhibitory Archaerhodopsin is an electrogenic …….. pump – drives them out of cells

Answer 18

proton/H+

Question 19

an injection of what kills neurons in the substantia nigra with those with parkinsonian symptoms?

Answer 19

6(OH)DA

Question 20

which DREADD is coupled to the Gq signalling pathway and activates neurons?

Answer 20

human H3 muscarinic DREADD

Question 21

which DREADD is coupled to the Gi signalling pathway and opens K+ channels, silencing neurons?

Answer 21

human H4 muscarinic DREADD

Question 22

DREADDs are activated by what?

Answer 22

clozapine-N-oxide (CNO)

Question 23

what does DREADD stand for?

Answer 23

designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs