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Neuroscience Unit 3 > Lecture 2: Early Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Early Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

During gastrulation, the midline is also called the _______. It is defined by formation of the ______, and is critical for formation of all tissue, including the _______.

A

primitive streak
notochord
CNS

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2
Q

Gastrulation begins with invagination in the _____, leading to formation of three different ______ (____, ____, ____)

A 
blastula
tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
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3
Q

Early neurulation is coincident with ________ signaling events, and induces the _______.

A

gastrulation

neural ectoderm

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4
Q

What is the very first event in neurulation?

A

notochord formation

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5
Q

Notochord formation is central to gastrulation by defining the ______ of the embryo and inducing formation of the ______.

A

midline

neural ectoderm

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6
Q

What are neural ectodermal cells precursors of?

A

neural cells

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7
Q

What is the default fate in neural induction?

A

neural fate

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8
Q

What does blocking BMP cause?

A

cells adopt neural fate

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9
Q

What are factors which inhibit BMP? Where are they produced?

A

Chordin, noggin, follistatin

notochord

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10
Q

What does BMP activity drive formation of?

A

epidermis

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11
Q

BMPs bind _____ and a ____ complex, which is transported to the nucleus to mediate transcription

A

receptor tyrosine kinases

SMAD

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12
Q

What are BMPs, FGF (retinoic acid), insulin GF, and inhibition of Wnt signaling involved in?

A

neural induction

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13
Q

What are cells which make up the neural tube?

A

Neural stem cells

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14
Q

After neural induction, the formation of _____ happens very rapidly. How is this formed?

A
  • neural tube

- lateral margins of the neural plate fold inward

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15
Q

From what direction does the neural plate close to form the neural tube?

A

Both directions - anterior and posterior

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16
Q

What two compounds are important for neural tube formation?

A

Folic acid

B-complex vitamins

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17
Q

As the neural tube closes, the _____ pinches off

A

neural crest

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18
Q

What 4 structures does the neural crest give rise to?

A
  1. Cranial neural crest
  2. Trunk neural crest
  3. Vagal and Sacral neural crest
  4. Cardiac neural crest
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19
Q

What components come from the cranial neural crest?

A
  • Cranial ganglia

- Bones and cartilage in face and head

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20
Q

What components come from the trunk neural crest?

A
  • DRGs
  • sympathetic ganglia
  • adrenal medulla
  • melanocytes
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21
Q

What components come from the vagal and sacral neural crest?

A

parasympathetic ganglia

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22
Q

What components come from the cardiac neural crest?

A
  • cartilage
  • melanocytes, neurons of pharyngeal arches
  • regions of the heart
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23
Q

What neural tube defect results from failure of the posterior end of the neural tube to close?

24
Q

What neural tube defects result from failure of the anterior end of the neural tube to close?

Study These Flashcards
A

ancencephaly, holoprocencephaly

25
What is the signal for ventral patterning?
Sonic Hedgehog
26
What is the signal for dorsal patterning?
TGF-beta family (BMPs)
27
On what signaling molecule is formation of the neural plate and neural groove dependent?
Sonic Hedgehog
28
The neural crest gives rise to cells in the _____ nervous system.
Peripheral
29
What is the effect of Shh signaling absence in brain development?
holoprocencephaly - telecephalon fails to bifurcate
30
With what event does anterior-posterior patterning overlap?
neural induction (gastrulation)
31
What 4 features does anterior-posterior patterning give rise to?
1. Spinal chord 2. Rhombencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Prosencephalon
32
What are the two feature of the rhombencephalon? What does each give rise to?
Metencephalon --> pons | Myelencephalon --> medulla
33
What does the Mesencephalon, which results from A/P patterning, give rise to?
midbrain
34
What are two features of the prosencephalon? What does each give rise to?
Diencephalon --> thalmus, retina | Telencephalon --> forebrain
35
What are Hox genes involved in?
anterior/posterior patterning in posterior CNS
36
What do OTX2 knockout embryos lose?
anterior neural structures
37
Neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells divide and differentiate in the _____ zone to give rise to all cells in the ______.
ventricular | CNS
38
Describe the divisions which occur in early, middle, and late development during generation of the nervous system.
- Early: Neural Stem Cells --> symmetric division --> 2 Neural Stem Cells - Middle: Neural Stem Cells --> asymmetric divison --> 1 Neural Stem Cell, 1 Neural Progenitor - Late: Neural Stem Cells --> symmetric divison --> 2 Neural Progenitors = NSCs disappear
39
What do neural progenitors give rise to?
neurons and glia
40
_____ and ______ control neural progenitor differentiation.
Notch | proneural basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors
41
Notch signaling through _____ requires ______.
Delta | Cell-cell contact
42
What happens at low/moderate levels of Notch stimulation through Delta?
bHLH genes are activated --> high expression of bHLH genes --> cell differentiation into neuron
43
How does Notch become hyper-activated? What happens next?
- bHLH activation upregulates Delta --> hyper-activation of Notch - -proneuronal bHLH genes are shut off, kept in pluripotent neural stem cell state
44
Gliogenesis starts AFTER the peak of _____
neurogenesis
45
Astrogliogenesis reuses signaling pathways. Astrogliogenesis differentiation from neural progenitors is _____ dependent and is inhibited by ____ genes.
Notch | basic-helix-loop-helix
46
Are oligodendrocyte generation and astrogliogenesis induced by the same or different factors?
Different - Astro - Notch - Oligo - Oligs, Nkx 2.1
47
After neurogenesis, astrogliogenesis and oligodendrogenesis occur. Which happens first?
Neurogenesis --> Oligo --> Astro
48
By when are neurons in most brain areas generated?
middle of 2nd trimester
49
When does the majority of gliogenesis occur in humans?
after birth
50
When does almost all of myelination occur in humans?
After birth, until age 20
51
What effect can cocaine, marijuana, and alcohol use during pregnancy have on the developing brain?
Decrease in size of grey matter cells in cortex and caudate
52
By what point in pregnancy is primary neurulation complete?
first 3 weeks
53
In what manner does the cortex form? What is this pattern due to?
inside-to-outside | radial migration
54
In radial migration, the 1._____ neurons migrate radially along 2._____ to the 3._____, and each subsequent generation of neurons migrates 4._____ the earlier born neurons.
1. radial 2. radial glia 3. cortical plate 4. past
55
What is the dual nature of radial glia?
1. give rise to neurons | 2. provide a scaffolding on which these neurons can migrate to appropriate destination
56
Mutation in the ECM protein, reelin, disrupts the process of cortical formation. What is the result?
cortex is inside-out
57
Interneurons are derived from the _____ and _____ ganglionic eminences, and cannot migrate radially. Instead, they migrate _____. This process involves which 3 txn factors?
- medial and lateral - tangentially - DLX1, DLX2, Mash1

Neuroscience Unit 3 (8 decks)

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