Lecture 2 Exam Review Week 6 Flashcards

(82 cards)

1
Q

Dimensions of Self Concept

A

Self Knowledge - Who am I?
Self Expectation - Who or what do I want to be?
Self- Evaluation- How well do I like myself?

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2
Q

Three Major self evaluations feelings

A

Pride - Based on positive self- evaluation
Guilt - Based on behaviors incongruent with the ideal self
Shame - Associated with low global self- worth

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3
Q

Stages of Development

A

Self- Awareness(infancy)
Self- Recognition- (18 months)
Self- definition- (3 years)

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4
Q

Formation of Self- Concept

A

Infant learns physical self different from environment

Basic needs are met, positive feelings of self

Child internalizes other people’s attitudes toward self

Child or adult internalizes standard

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5
Q

Factors Affecting Self- Concept

A

Developmental Considerations
Culture
History of success and failure
Crisis of life stressors
Aging, illness, disability, or trauma

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6
Q

Nursing strategies to Identify Personal Strengths

A

Encourage PT to identify their strengths
Replace self- negation with positive thinking
Notice and reinforce patient strengths
Encourage patients to will for themselves
Help patients cope with necessary dependency

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7
Q

Helping Patients Maintain Sense of Self

A

Communicate with looks, speech, and judicious touch

Acknowledge patient status, role, and individuality

Speak to the patient respectfully. Address by preferred name

Converse with the patient about their life experiences

Respect their privacy

Acknowledge negative feelings and allow for expression

Help the patient recognize strengths and explore alternatives

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8
Q

Examples of Physiologic Stressors

A

Chemical Agents
Physical Agents
Infectious Agents
Nutritional imbalances
Hypoxia
Genetic or immune disorders

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9
Q

Physiological Homeostasis

A

Local Adaptation Syndrome

Involves only one specific body part
- Reflex pain response
- Inflammatory Response

General Adaptation Syndrome
Biochemical model of stress

Alarm Reaction
Stage of Resistance
Stage of Exhaustion

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10
Q

Local Adaptation Syndrome

A

Localized response of the body to stress
Involves only a specific body part ( such as tissue or organ) instead of whole body

Stress precipitating the LAS may be traumatic or pathologic

Primarily homeostatic short- term adaptive response

Two types:
Reflex Pain Response
Inflammatory Response

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11
Q

Alarm Reaction

A

Person perceives stressor, defense mechanisms activated

Fight or Flight response

Hormone levels rise, body prepares to react

Shock and counter-shock phases

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12
Q

Stage of Resistance

A

Body attempts to adapt to stressor

Vital signs, hormone levels, and energy production return to normal

Body regains homeostasis or adaptive mechanisms fail

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13
Q

Stage of Exhaustion

A

Results when adaptive mechanisms are exhausted

Body either rests and mobilizes its defenses to return to normal and dies

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14
Q

Examples of Psychosocial Stressors

A

Accidents
Stressful or traumatic experiences of family members and friends
Horrors of history
Fear of aggression or mutilation
Events of history that are brought into our homes through television and the internet
Rapid changes in the world
Inherent stressors, social isolation, political divides, and change in work life separation brought on the pandemic

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15
Q

Psychological Homeostasis

A

Mind- Body interaction
Anxiety
Coping Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms

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16
Q

Coping Mechanisms

A

Crying, laughing, sleeping, cursing
Physical Activity, exercise
Taking a deep breath, mindfulness exercises
Smoking, drinking
Lack of eye contact, withdrawal
Limiting relationships to those with similar values and interests

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17
Q

Task- Oriented Reactions to Stress

A

Attack Behavior

Withdrawal Behavior

Compromise Behavior

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18
Q

Attack Behavior

A

Attempts to overcome obstacles to satisfy a need

Constructive- Assertive problem solving
Destructive- Aggression, hostility

Withdrawal Behavior
Physical withdrawal from the threat
Admitting the defeat, apathetic, feeling guilty, isolated

Compromise Behavior

Substitution of goals or negotiation to partially fulfill needs ( usually constructive)

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19
Q

Compensation

A

Person attempts to overcome a perceived weakness by emphasizing a more desirable trait or overachieving in a more comfortable area.

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20
Q

Denial

A

A person refuses to acknowledge the presence of a condition that is disturbing.

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21
Q

Displacement

A

Transfers an emotional reaction from one object or person to another object or person

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22
Q

Dissociation

A

Person subconsciously protects themself from the memories of a horrific or painful event by allowing the mind to forget the incident.

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23
Q

Introjection

A

Person incorporates qualities or values of another person into their own ego structure. Important in the formation of conscience during childhood.

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24
Q

Projection

A

Person attributes thoughts or impulses to someone else.

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25
Rationalization
Person tries to give a logically or socially acceptable explanation for questionable behavior.
26
Reaction Formula
Person develops conscious attitudes and behavior patterns that are opposite to what they would really do.
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Regression
Person returns to an earlier method of behaving
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Repression
Person voluntarily excludes an anti- anxiety producing event from conscious awareness
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Sublimation
Person subs. a socially acceptable goal for one whose normal channel of expression is blocked
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Undoing
Person uses an act or communication to negate a previous act or communication.
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Steps of Communication Process
Initiated based on stimulus Sender-(Encoder) Begins the process Message Communication product from the source Channel Communication \Auditory, visual, kinesthetic Receiver( Decoder) Translates and interprets the message being received Confirmation of the message provides feedback
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Verbal Communication
Depends on understanding language
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Nonverbal
Facial Expressions, gestures, eye contact, touch, Space, time, boundaries Body movements, posture, and gait General Physical Appearance and mode of dress or grooming Sounds Moaning, crying, gasping, sighing
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Communication Technologies
Electronic Communication\ Social Media Email and Texts Telehealth and telemedicine
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Electronic Communication
Social Media Both the ANA and NCSBN have issued guidelines for RNs regarding the use of social media Emails and Texts Risk for violating patient privacy and confidentially exists any time a message is sent electronically Health care agencies usually have security measures in place to safeguard e-mail and text communications
36
Four Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal Self- talk, communication within a person Calming, soothing with nerves Interpersonal Occurs between two or more people with a goal to exchange messages Patient family members, health care team Group Small group Patient- care conferences, teaching sessions, support groups Organizational Communication
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Factors Influencing Communication
Developmental Level Sociocultural Differences Roles and Responsibilities Space and territorially Physical, mental, and emotional state Values Environment
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SBAR
S situation B background A assessment R recommendation
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Therapeutic Relationship
Set the climate for participants to move toward common goals Does NOT occur spontaneously Characterized by an unequal sharing of information Built on the Pt needs The nurse is the caregiver and the patient is the person being cared for Communication is the means used to establish rapport and trusting, therapeutic relationships
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Characteristics of the Therapeutic Nurse- Patient Relationship
Caring Person Centered relationship Dynamic Both people involved are active participants Purposeful and time limited The person providing the assistance is professionally accountable for the outcomes Goals are determined cooperatively and defined in terms of the PTs needs
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Three Phases of the Therapeutic Nurse- Patient Relationship
Orientation Phase PT will call the nurse by name PT will accurately describe the roles of the participants in the relationship PT will establish an agreement about: Goals of relationship Location, frequency, and length of contacts During relationship Working Phase PT will: Actively participate in the relationship Cooperate in activities that work toward achieving mutually accepted goals Express feelings and concerns to the nurse Termination PT will participate in identifying goals accomplished or progress made toward goals PT will verbalize feelings about the termination of the relationship
42
Factors Promoting Effective Communication
Dispositional Traits Warmth and friendliness Openness and respect Empathy Honesty, trust, and authenticity Caring Competence Rapport Builders Specific objectives Comfortable environment Privacy Confidentiality PT versus Task focus Using Nursing observations Optimal Pacing
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Developing Conversation skills
Control the tone of your voice Be knowledgeable about the topic of conversation Be flexible Be clear and concise Avoid words that might have different interpretations Be truthful Keep an open mind Take advantage of available opportunities
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Developing Listening Skills
Sit when communicating with the patient Be alert and relaxed and take your time Keep the conversation as natural as possible Maintain eye contact if appropriate Use appropriate facial expressions and body gestures Think before responding to the patient Do not pretend to listen Listen for themes Use silence, therapeutic touch, and humor appropriately
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Interviewing Techniques
Open Ended What did your health care provider tell you about your need for this hospitalization? Closed What medications have you been taking at home Validating At home, you have been taking BP pill and water pill every day. Did you take them today Clarifying I have never needed this med.. Is this the first health problem you have had? Reflective You've been upset
46
Aggressive Behavior
Involves asserting one's rights in negative manner that violates the rights of others Can be verbal or physical Communication is marked by tension and anger, inhibiting the formation of good relationships and collaboration Characteristics include using an angry tone of voice, being condescending, and threatening Focus is usually " winning at all costs"
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Blocks to Communication
Failure to perceive the patient as a human being Failure to listen Nontherapeutic comments and questions Using cliches Using closed questions Using leading questions Using comments that give advice Using judgmental comments Changing the subject Giving false assurance Using gossip and rumors
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Disruptive Interpersonal Behavior
Incivility Horizontal Violence Lateral Violence Nurse Bullying Professional Activity Organizational response to disruptive behaviors
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Verbally and Physically Aggressive Patients
Workplace Violence Verbal harassing, threatening, yelling, bullying, hostile sarcasm Nurses should: Respond by maintaining a professional demeanor, responding assertively, addressing the issue directly with those involved See guidance and support through nurse managers or other appropriate channels
50
Workplace Violence
Violent acts, including physical assaults and threats of assault, directed toward persons at work on duty Includes verbal harassing, threatening, yelling, bullying, and hostile sarcasm
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Patterns of Interaction
Effective Honest and direct flows freely Ineffective Communication is sparing and or one way , self serving roles and may be unchecked
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Leadership
Effective Meets desired aims, participation and leadership are distributed among members Ineffective Leadership delegated on authority.
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Documentation
Written or electronic legal record of all pertinent interactions with the patient Includes data related to assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating Facilitates quality, evidence- based patient care Serves as financial and legal record Helps in clinical research Supports decision analysis
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Characteristics of Effective Documentation
Consistent with professional and agency standards Complete Accurate Concise Factual Organized and Timely Legally prudent Confidential
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Elements of Documentation
Content Timing Format Accountability Confidentiality Using 24 hr military time
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What is confidential?
All information about patients written on paper, spoken aloud, saved on computer Name, address, phone, fax, social security number Reason the person is sick Treatment PT receives Information about past health conditions
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Potential Breaches in Patient Confidentiality
Displaying information on a public screen and not logging out of the computer Sending confidential email messages via public networks Sharing printers among units with differing functions Discarding copies of the PT information in trash cans Holding conversations that can be overheard Faxing confidential information to unauthorized persons
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Patient Rights
Patients have the right to: See and copy their health record Update their health record Get a list of disclosures Request a restriction on certain uses or disclosures Choose how to receive health information
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Policy for Receiving Verbal Orders
Must be given directly by physician or NP to a registered nurse or registered professional pharmacist Record the orders in PTs medical record with intials VO Read back the order to verify Date and note the time orders were issued Record verbal order and name of the physician or NP , followed by nurse's name and initials Should be limited to urgent situations
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Policy for Physician or NP Review of Verbal Orders
Review orders for accuracy Sign orders with name, title, and page number Date and note time orders signed
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Methods of Documentation
Computerized Documentation EHRs Source Oriented Records Progress notes, narrative notes Problem Oriented Medical Records SOAP notes PIE Charting Problem Intervention Evaluation Focus Charting Charting by Exception
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Formats for Nursing Documentation
Initial nursing assessment Care plan, patient summary Critical Collaborative Pathways Progress Notes Flow Sheets and graphic records MAR record Acuity Record Discharge and transfer summary Home Health Care documentation Long Term Documentation
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Reporting Care or Requesting Action
Change of shift/ handoff report ISBARR Telephone? Telemedicine Report Transfer and Discharge reports Reports to family members or significant others Incident/ Variance Reports
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Hand- Off Communication/ ISBARR
Identify/ Introduction Situation Background Assessment Recommendation Read back of Orders/ response
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Change of Shift/ Hand -Off Reports
Basic identifying information about each patient: name, room, number, bed designation, diagnosis, and attending and consulting physicians Current Appraisal of each Patient's health status Current Orders Abnormal occurrences during your shift Any unfilled orders that need to be continued onto the next shift PT/ Family questions, concerns, needs Reports on transfers/discharges
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Telephone/ Telemedicine Reports
Identify yourself and the patient and state your relationship to the patient Report and accurately the change in PTs condition that is of concern and what has already been done in response to this condition Report the PTs current vital signs and clinical manifestations Have the PT record at hand to make knowledgeable responses to any physician's inquiries Concisely record time and date of the call, what was communicated, and physician's response
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Conferring About Care
Consultations and referrals Nursing and interdisciplinary team care conferences Nursing Care Rounds Purposeful Rounding
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Eight Behaviors of Purposeful Rounding
Use Opening Kew Words ( C-I-CARE) with PRESENCE Accomplish scheduled tasks Address four Ps Address additional personal needs, questions Conduct environmental assessment Ask: is there anything else I can do for for you? I have time Tell the PT when you will be back Document the round
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Meaningful Use of EHR
Improves quality, safety, efficiency, and reduce health disparities Engage patients and family Improve care coordination and population and public health Maintain privacy and security of PT health information
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Results of Meaningful Use Compliance
Better Clinical rotations Improved population health outcomes Increased transparency and efficiency Empowered individuals Most robust research data on health systems
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ANA Definition of Nursing Informatics
The specialty that integrates nursing science with multiple information management and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice.
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Components of System Development Lifecycle
Analyze and Plan Design and develop Maintain Evaluate Test, Train, Implement
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Analyze and Plan
What is the purpose of this new technology or change to the current technology? What problem do we hope to solve? What data do we have to indicate the current state of the issue? How will its use be incorporated into the current workflow of the nurse? Will it streamline nursing documentation or will it increase the burden of documentation? Will it improve the overall usability and experience with the EHR? What technologic options are available if there are more than one?
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Important Informatics Concepts
System usability System optimization Standard terminologies Interoperability Security and Privacy Blockchain
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Emerging Areas in the Field of Informatics
Patient Portals Health Care Analytics Data Visualization Predictive Analytics Big Data
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Telehealth
Use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support and promote long distance clinical health care, patient and professional health education, public health, and health administration
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Telemedicine
Use of telecommunications technologies to support the delivery of all types of medical, diagnostic, and treatment- related services, usually by physicians and NPs
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Telecare
refers to technology that allows consumers to stay safe and independent in their own homes
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Uses of Patient Portals
Access medical history and other health information Complete various forms and questionnaires Communicate securely and conveniently with providers Schedule appointments Receive reminders for appropriate screenings Enter clinical data, such as blood pressure, glucose levels, weight, fitbit data and other activity tracking data Review progress notes
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Benefits of Patient Portals
Better health outcomes Chronic condition management Timely access to care Patient Retention Patient Centered medical home recognition
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Types of Health Care Analytics
Clinical Populations Administrative Financial
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Genetics and Genomics
Precision Medicine The field of genomics has the potential to significantly change the way health care is delivered Genomics play a role in 9n out of 10 leading causes of death, including heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease Because genomic health care is heavily dependent on data storage and interpretation, no other area is better suited than informatics to support this evolving work .