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HESP 724- Research Methods > Lecture 2- Formulating Research Questions > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Formulating Research Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How can a researcher generate ideas?

A
  • Identify gaps or weaknesses in the literature
  • Extend study to a new population, set of materials, or setting
  • Apply different outcome measures
  • Assess social validity of the research
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2
Q

What is the topic and broad problem of a research study?

A

Introduces the reader to the importance and context of the research study.

Motivates/provides a framework for the current experiment.

Organizes, explains, and accounts for data.

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3
Q

What are some criteria for evaluating theories?

A
  • Comprehensiveness
  • Precision and testability
  • Parsimony
  • Heuristic value
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4
Q

What is comprehensiveness?

A

Research should be broad enough to account for as much data as possible.

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5
Q

What is precision and testability?

A

A good theory should have concepts that are clearly and explicitly defined:

  • Contains rational, logically related statements
  • Empirically testable hypotheses
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6
Q

What is an omnipotent theory?

A

Theory that is so powerful, general, or flexible that they can account for anything

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7
Q

What is parsimony?

A

All things being equal, the simplest explanation tends to be the best

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8
Q

What is Occam’s razor?

A

The explanation of any phenomena should make as few assumptions as possible

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9
Q

What is heuristic value?

A

Makes (basic or applied) predictions, generates new knowledge, and stimulates future research

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10
Q

What are some considerations to make when generating a research hypothesis?

A
  • The types of research one might conduct
  • Whether you can practically conduct them
  • Crafting the alternatives and the logic
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11
Q

What are the different types of research (4)?

A

1- Empirical
2- Non-empirical
3- Quantitative
4- Qualitative

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12
Q

What is empirical research?

A

Involves the collection of new information or data through observation and measurement of behavior and/or physical properties.

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13
Q

What is nonempirical research?

A

Research that makes use of existing information instead of gathering new data.

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14
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Relates to numerical information such as frequency counts and measures of size or other physical properties.

  • Quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, etc.
  • Generalize results from a sample to a population
  • Methods include surveys, structured interviews/observations, systematic experiments
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15
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Data that often includes verbal information.

  • Aim to reveal underlying reasons, opinions, motives, trends
  • Used to generate hypotheses to be tested in subsequent quantitative research
  • Methods include unstructured/semi-structured techniques, verbal measures
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16
Q

What are the different types of empirical designs?

A
  1. Experimental/Quasi-experimental

2. Non-experimental/observational

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17
Q

What is an experimental/quasi-experimental design?

A
  • Lacks random assign to groups

- Manipulate conditions

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18
Q

What is a non-experimental/observational research design?

A

Researcher investigates existing conditions.

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19
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The characteristic or manipulation the researcher wants to study

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20
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The measures that the researcher use to determine the outcomes fo their research.

  • Observations or measures a researcher obtains
21
Q

What are specific research questions?

A

Question(s) addressed in the current study

22
Q

What are descriptive research questions?

A
  • Only have 1 variable

- What is…?

23
Q

What are exploratory/relational research questions?

A
  • Have 2+ variables

- Correlational

24
Q

What are explanatory/difference research questions?

A
  • Have 2+ variables

- Cause-effect

25
Q

What is an evidence-based practice question?

A

PICO

P= patient/client, population, problem
I= intervention, issue
C= comparison/alternative
O= outcome
26
Q

What is a research hypothesis?

A

A formal statement of the predicted outcome.

Contains null and alternative hypotheses.

Also contains a statement about accepting or rejecting the mull hypothesis.

27
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

H0

Statement of no difference, aka no difference between groups.

Based on the assumption that the results of a study will yield no significant differences between groups and/or no significant relationships among variables.

28
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis?

A

H1

States that there will be a difference between groups.

Statement of what the researchers expected to find when they conducted their study.

29
Q

What makes a well-formed hypothesis?

A
  1. Constructs are operationalized
    - Precise, specific IV and DV
    - General statement to more specific
  2. Measures are valid
  3. Measures are reliable
30
Q

What is the general structure of an introduction?

A
  • What is the broad question of focus?
  • What work has been done to answer it?
  • Identify the gap in research
  • How will the present study address the gap?
31
Q

What is validity?

A

How accurately a measure represents the knowledge/skill/trait you aim to assess

32
Q

What validity pertains to non-empirical research?

A
  • Face validity

- Content validity

33
Q

What validity pertains to empirical research?

A
  • Construct validity

- Criterion validity

34
Q

What is face validity?

A

Validity based on a person’s judgment of how well a test appears to accomplish its purpose.

Informal approach to establishing validity because it is based on individual ideas regarding appropriate content or procedures.

35
Q

What is content validity?

A

A way to establish validity using judgment.

36
Q

What is criterion validity?

A

Involves comparing a new test or measure to an existing one that serves as the standard of comparison.

37
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Look at patterns or relationship among test items, or relationships between test items and external standards of comparision

38
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement (especially critical when drawing conclusions for an individual)

39
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Researchers recruit a group of participants and test them at 2 different times.

Does performance stay consistent from one test session to the next?

40
Q

What is parallel-forms of relability?

A

Researchers or test developers construct 2 different but hopefully equivalent, forms of a measure.

Ex. different lists of NU-6 words

41
Q

What is split-half reliability?

A

Researcher administers a test to a group of participants. Following test administration, the researcher splits the test items into 2 equivalent forms and then compare the participants’ scores for each form.

42
Q

What is the QALMRI framework?

A 
Q= Question
A= Alternatives
L= Logic
M= Method
R= Results
I= Inferences
43
Q

What does the Q in the QALMRI stand for?

A

Contains broad and specific questions.

Broad: general question (addressed over many experiments)
- Generally in 1st paragraph of the introduction

Specific: question addressed in the paper
- Generally in last 2 paragraphs of the introduction

44
Q

What does the A in the QALMRI stand for?

A

2+ alternative answers to the specific question
- Explain why both answers are plausible

Factor X will show an effect or that it won’t (null)

45
Q

What does the L in the QALMRI stand for?

A

How the experiment design permits distinguishing among alternatives.
- Towards the end of the introduction

Structure: If alternative 1 (and not 2) is correct, then when the IV is manipulated, the DV should change in X way.

46
Q

What does the M in the QALMRI stand for?

A

How to implement the design logic.

47
Q

What does the R in the QALMRI stand for?

A

What was the outcome?

48
Q

What does the I in the QALMRI stand for?

A

What do the results mean?

HESP 724- Research Methods (5 decks)

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