Lecture 2 - Gene expression regulation: introduction

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

the complete set of sequences in the genetic material of an organism

Question 2

The genome includes the

Answer 2

sequence of each chromosome plus any DNA in organelles

Question 3

Transcriptome

Answer 3

the complete set of RNAs present in a cell, tissue, or organism

Question 4

Proteome

Answer 4

the complete set of polypeptides produced by a cell

Question 5

Chargaff’s rule

Answer 5

The amount of adenine approximately equals the amount of thymine (and cytosine ~ equals guanine)

Question 6

The phosphate group in DNA is linked to

Answer 6

a deoxyribose sugar

Question 7

Open chromatin is called

Answer 7

euchromatin

Question 8

Closed chromatin is called

Answer 8

heterochromatin

Question 9

Heterochromatin is

Answer 9

densely packed

Question 10

Euchromatin is

Answer 10

loosely packed

Question 11

in heterochromatin, transcription

Answer 11

cannot occur

Question 12

In euchromatin, transcription

Answer 12

can occur

Question 13

Size from smallest to largest of chromatin fiber, nucleosome, chromosome, DNA

Answer 13

DNA, nucleosome, chromatin fiber, chromosome

Question 14

Chromosome

Answer 14

a discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes

Question 15

Each chromosome consists of

Answer 15

a very long molecule of duplex DNA

Question 16

Each chromosome is approximately equal masses of

Answer 16

DNA and protein

Question 17

Chromosomes are visible as a morphological entity only during

Answer 17

cell division

Question 18

How many human chromosomes are there?

Answer 18

46

Question 19

How many chromosomes in yeast, nematode, and fruit fly?

Answer 19

32, 12, 8

Question 20

Central dogma

Answer 20

information can only be transferred between nucleic acids and from nucleic acid to protein

Question 21

Viroid

Answer 21

a small infectious single-stranded circular RNA molecule that does not have a protein coat

Question 22

Prion

Answer 22

A proteinaceous infectious agent that behaves as an inheritable trait even though it contains no nucleic acid

Question 23

Genes are the basic units of

Answer 23

inheritance

Question 24

Genes are ________ of the genome

Answer 24

functional units

Question 25

The human genome contains about _______ genes

Answer 25

20,000

Question 26

A chromosome is a very long molecule of

Answer 26

DNA

Question 27

A gene will give rise to

Answer 27

a polypeptide or an RNA

Question 28

Allele

Answer 28

One of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome

Question 29

Locus

Answer 29

The position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides

Question 30

Genetic recombination

Answer 30

A process by which separate DNA molecules are joined into a single molecule

Question 31

All mutations are changes in

Answer 31

the sequence of DNA

Question 32

Mutations may occur spontaneously by

Answer 32

DNA replication errors

Question 33

Mutations may be induced by

Answer 33

mutagens

Question 34

Mutation examples

Answer 34

Point mutations Missense mutations Silent mutations Nonsense mutations Frameshift mutation

Question 35

Every coding sequence has ______ possible reading frames

Answer 35

3

Question 36

Open reading frame

Answer 36

A sequence of DNA consisting of triplets that can be translated into amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon

Question 37

An open reading frame starts with sequence

Answer 37

AUG

Question 38

3 stop codons

Answer 38

UUA, UGA, UAG

Question 39

The genetic code is read in triplet nucleotides called

Answer 39

codons

Question 39

Gene expression

Answer 39

The process by which the information in a sequence of DNA in a gene is used to produce an RNA or polypeptide, involving transcription and translation

Question 40

RNA has the same sequence as the

Answer 40

DNA top strand (with U instead of T)

Question 41

Each mRNA consists of

Answer 41

a 5' UTR, a coding region, and a 3' UTR

Question 42

Introns are part of the gene that are

Answer 42

not represented in the polypeptide product

Question 43

Introns are removed from the pre-mRNA transcript by

Answer 43

splicing

Question 44

RNA processing

Answer 44

Modifications to RNA transcripts of genes

Question 45

pre-mRNA

Answer 45

The nuclear transcript that is processed by modification and splicing to give an mRNA

Question 46

Exon

Answer 46

Any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA product

Question 47

Pol I is in

Answer 47

rRNA

Question 48

Pol III is in

Answer 48

tRNA

Question 48

Pol II is in

Answer 48

mRNA

Question 48

Ribosome

Answer 48

A large assembly of RNA and proteins that synthesizes polypeptides under direction from an mRNA template

Question 48

rRNA

Answer 48

A major component of the ribosome

Question 49

tRNA

Answer 49

The intermediate in polypeptide synthesis that interprets the genetic code

Question 50

Promoters and enhancers are ______ acting DNA elements

Answer 50

cis

Question 51

An upstream-activating sequence (UAS)

Answer 51

behaves like an enhancer, but only works upstream of the promoter

Question 52

All gene products are ______ acting

Answer 52

trans

Question 53

Trans-acting elements

Answer 53

Transcription factors (TFs), RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), miRNAs