Lecture 2 - History

Question 1

Nobel prize for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks

Answer 1

Hopfield and Hinton

Question 2

Name the machine developed by Hinton

Answer 2

Boltzmann Machines

Question 3

What did Hopfield develop?

Answer 3

Hopfield Networks

Question 4

First dream of an AI entity in litterature

Answer 4

The greek god Hephaestus build Talos, a giant intelligent bronze robot

Question 5

Who killed Talos

Answer 5

Jason of the argonauts

Question 6

What robots did Hepaestus build besides Talos

Answer 6

Tripods (could run of to meet the gods), waiters, bellows (for iron casting)

Question 7

Greek Philosofer thinking about automation

Answer 7

Aristole

Question 8

Who laid the foundation for formal logic

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Basic formal logic general observation

Answer 9

all b’s are a
all c’s ar b
therefore all c’s are a

Question 10

Name of the talking head made of brass

Answer 10

Brazen head

Question 11

Who owned the Brazen head

Answer 11

The Alchemist Bacon and Magnus

Question 12

Who made a humanoid mechanical knight

Answer 12

Leonardo da Vinci

Question 13

When was the humanoid mechanical knight designed

Answer 13

1495

Question 14

Who made the giant Golem

Answer 14

Rabbi Loew

Question 15

How did you wake up the giant golem

Answer 15

by putting a paper under his tongue or alternative versions by putting a three letter word for truth (AMT) on his forehead

Question 16

Original story published by Mary Shelley that describes the attempt of a true scientist to create life.

Answer 16

Frankenstein

Question 17

When did Mary Shelley publish his famous novel

Answer 17

1818

Question 18

Chess playing robot from 18th century

Answer 18

the chess playing turk

Question 19

Which famous person played and lost against the chess robot from the 18th century

Answer 19

Napoleon

Question 20

Did the chess robot from the 18th century work

Answer 20

No Edgar Allan Poe hypothesized that it did not work.

Question 21

Trompeteer robot from the 19th century

Answer 21

Automata

Question 22

Talking machine from 1830-1840

Answer 22

The Euphonia

Question 23

What paper and by whom descriebs the talking machine from 1830-1840

Answer 23

Paper “Talking Head” by David Lindsey

Question 24

Name the Robot duck from the 19th century

Answer 24

Vaucanson’s duck

Question 25

Which philosopher proposed that animals are machines

Answer 25

Decartes

Question 26

What kind of machines did both Pascal and Leibniz build in the 17th century?

Answer 26

- calculation machines

Question 27

What machine did Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invent

Answer 27

Lingua Characteristica

Question 28

Who said this: “It is unworthy of exellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be regulated to anyone else if machines were used”

Answer 28

Leibniz

Question 29

Who said this: “… how much better will it be to bring under mathematical laws human reasoning”

Answer 29

Leibniz

Question 30

Difference Engine from 1822

Answer 30

Babbage’s Engines used to calculate mathematical tables using the method of finite differences (essentially reducing to addition/multiplication)

Question 31

The first programmer

Answer 31

Ada Lovelace

Question 32

Who wrote: “The analytical engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”

Answer 32

Ada Lovelace

Question 33

What did George Boole publish in 1847

Answer 33

“The Mathematical Analysis of Logic”

Question 34

What did the publication of George Boole from 1847 show

Answer 34

Showed how to write logic in the form of analytical equations

Question 35

Basic boolean laws / boolean algebra / basic boolean algebraic identities (additative)

Answer 35

Additive: A + 0 = A A + 1 = 1 A + A = A A + A’ = 1

Question 36

Basic boolean laws / boolean algebra / basic boolean algebraic identities (multiplicative)

Answer 36

Multiplicative: 0.A = 0 1.A = A A.A = A A.A’ = 0

Question 37

Which program set out to Prove the consistency of an axiomatic formalization of arithmetic.

Answer 37

Hilbert’s program for the 20th century

Question 38

The point of the paper “On Formally Undecidable Propositions 1931“ is that it is not possible that a complex axiomatization is both complete and consistent. Who wrote the paper?

Answer 38

Kurt Gödel

Question 39

Point in Alan Turing’s paper On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem

Answer 39

Some problems are not decidable in infinite time

Question 40

Origin of the word “Robot”

Answer 40

Karel Capek play (Rossum’s Universal Robots).

Question 41

Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics

Answer 41

1) A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2) A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law. 3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First of Second Laws. (4)) Later he added a fourth on (actually the 0-th on). A robot may not harm humanity or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

Question 42

What is Grey Walter’s tutoises

Answer 42

Vacuum machine robot (very much like a Rumba robot).

Question 43

What is Squee from 1951?

Answer 43

a robotic squirrel

Question 44

The first digital computer from 1941

Answer 44

Konrad Zuse’s Z3

Question 45

The first Turing-complete digital computer from 1945

Answer 45

ENIAC

Question 46

The first stored program computer from 1949

Answer 46

EDVAC

Question 47

Who made the first Neural Networks from 1943, 1952 and 1957 1) 1943 model of artificial neurons 2) 1951 first neural network computer 3) 1957 defining the perceptron (Adding weights to the inputs) A) Minsky and Edmond B) McCulloch and Pitt C) Rosenblatt

Answer 47

1 - B 2 - A 3 - C

Question 48

Artificial neural networks are inspired by the brain. What are the three main characteristics?

Answer 48

- many interconnected units (neurons) - learning happens by changing the strength of connections (synapses) - behavior of the whole is more than the sum of the parts

Question 49

What does the stacking of many artificial neurons refer to

Answer 49

Artificial Neural Networks

Question 50

Point in the paper “The Magical Number 7 +/- 3”

Answer 50

Limits on our capacity for processing information

Question 51

Inventor of the first Chess Programs from 1945

Answer 51

Konrad Zuse

Question 52

Inventor of chess program that foresees strategies invented in 1950 and still used

Answer 52

Claude Shannon

Question 53

Claude Shannons two strategies for a chess program

Answer 53

- Brute force - Pruning uninteresting lines (as humans do)

Question 54

Chess algorithm from 1951 (first recorded man-machine game) - computation with paper and pencil

Answer 54

Turing chess algorithm

Question 55

What year was AI born?

Answer 55

1956 on the Darthmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence

Question 56

The founding fathers of AI - Who attended the Darthmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence?

Answer 56

McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon

Question 57

The history of AI in a nutcshell (3 elements)

Answer 57

- neural networks - expert systems - machine learning

Question 58

What is “the general problem solver” an imitation of and what does it do?

Answer 58

Imitation of human problem-solving, solved simple puzzles

Question 59

What ideas in game playing did Arthur Samuel (IBM) pioneer?

Answer 59

- alpha-beta search, - reinforcement learning, etc.

Question 60

Inventor of Lisp (second-oldest high-level language)

Answer 60

John McCarthy MIT

Question 61

What did Marvin Minsky MIT work on

Answer 61

- micro worlds

Question 62

From 1966-1973 was the progress in AI faster of slower than expected?

Answer 62

Slower

Question 63

List Simon and Newell's predictions from 1958 for the following 10 years?

Answer 63

- computer world chess champion - computer prove important mathematical theorem - computer will write music of aesthetic value - theories in psychology can be reduced to computer programs

Question 64

How long did it take before Simon and Newells 1958 predictions came through?

Answer 64

40 years

Question 65

Name of Buchanans 1969 Knowledge based system to infer molecular structure and importance for ai research?

Answer 65

- DENDRAL Project

Question 66

What important insight did the DENDRAL Project lead to?

Answer 66

Recognized importance of domain-specific knowledge

Question 67

On which scientific disciplines do AI build?

Answer 67

logics, philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, …

Question 68

What do the successes in AI depend on?

Answer 68

Deep and intensive computation instead of modeling the human mind.

Question 69

What is Symbolic AI?

Answer 69

Symbols represent information

Question 70

On which level does subsymbolic AI model intelligence

Answer 70

Model intelligence at a level similar to the neuron.

Question 71

What enables subsymbolic AI?

Answer 71

Subsymbolic AI is enabled by neural networks and machine learning algorithms that learn patterns directly from data, rather than relying on explicit symbolic rules. This allows it to process raw inputs (like images or sounds) and recognize complex patterns, making it well-suited for tasks like image recognition, language processing, and autonomous decision-making.

Question 72

When was the deep learning age?

Answer 72

2010 - present

Question 73

Which breakthroughs did deep learning bring without introducing fundamentally new ideas.?

Answer 73

- computer vision, - language understanding, - game playing, etc.

Question 74

What made deep learning possible?

Answer 74

- The models are bigger - More data for training - More compute - Available programming libraries

Question 75

Two purposes for AI acording to Herb Simon?

Answer 75

- use the power of computers to augment human thinking. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that. - use computer’s to understand how humans think. In a humanoid way.