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HN204 Midterm 1 > Lecture 2 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

the outermost layer of skin on the body

A

epidermis

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2
Q

the middle layer of skin on the body

A

dermis

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3
Q

integumentary system

A

the body’s outer layer consisting of epidermis, dermis, glands, hair and nails

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4
Q

the deepest layer of skin

A

aka hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue containing mostly body fat

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5
Q

what is in the subcutaneous layer?

A

loose connective tissue with fat cells (adipocytes)

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6
Q

what is thin skin?

A
  • contains 4 layers
  • covers most of the body
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7
Q

what is thick skin?

A
  • contains five layers
  • covers area prone to abrasion (palms, feet)
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8
Q

what does thick/thin skin refer to?

A

it refers to number of layers in the epidermis and NOT the actual deepness of skin

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9
Q

examples of accessory structures of the skin

A

hair, nails, sweat (sudoriferous) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands

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10
Q

what are the four cell types in the epidermis?

A

1.) keratinocytes
2.) melanocytes
3.) tactile cells
4.) dendritic cells

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11
Q

what layer is missing/absent in thin and thick skin?

A

the stratum lucidum
–> absent = 4 layers
–> present = 5 layers

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12
Q

where is collagen found?

A

in the dermis layer

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13
Q

what are cleavage lines?

A
  • represents separations between underlying collagan fibre bundles in the reticular dermis
  • run circularly in trunk
  • run longitudinally in limbs
  • surgical incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal better than those made across them
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14
Q

what are the layers in the epidermis?

A

stratum basale (aka stratum germinativum)
stratum spinosum
stratum ganulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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15
Q

a nipple-shaped projection or strucure

A

papillary

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16
Q

the most superficial layer of dermis but deep to the epidermis is called…

A

the papillary layer

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17
Q

what is found in the papillary layer?

A
  • contains dermal papillae and capillaries which help exchange waste, nutrients, gas and blood to the dermis
  • helps supply stratum basale + stratum spinosum
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18
Q

network of intercellular fibre /connective tissue

A

reticulum

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19
Q

deepest layer of the dermis

A

reticular layer

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20
Q

what kind of tissue is found in the reticular layer?

A

dense, irregular connective tissue including LOTS of collagen and elastin (proteins)

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21
Q

protrusions of dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer that help with gas, waste, nutrient exchange

A

dermal papillae

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22
Q

network of small arteries in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

papillary plexus

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23
Q

interconnections of blood supply that attach to adipose tissue and supply hair follicles, glands and other structures

A

cutaneous plexuses

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24
Q

what do capillary loops do?

A

follow the contour of the epidermal-dermal boundary

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25
speicalized cell of fat/adipose tissue
adipocytes
26
the most abundant cell in epidermis
keratinocyte
27
what is the lifecycle of a keratinocyte?
1.) mitosis in the stratum basale and a cell gets pushed through the layer toward the surface 2.) differentiate in the stratum spinosum (looks spiney) and produce bundles of keratin protein called tonofibrils 3.) cells start to die as they get futher from the nutrient source (stratum basale) 4.) keratohyalin forms granules in the stratum granulosum which dehydrate the cell and cause cross-linking of keratin filaments. Cells release lipid-rich susbtances that coat them = water-resistant layer 5.) in thick skin, cells become part of clear layer called stratum lucidum which lack organelles/nuclei before becoming part of superficial layer of epidermis 6.) cells are dead in the stratum corneum. only flattened, scale-like, dehydrated cells that contain bundles of parallel keratin filaments remain
28
granules that insoluble in water and promote dehydration of the cell
keratohyalin
29
bundles of keratin proteins/filaments
tonofibrils
30
what is a melanocyte?
- a packet of a pigment called melanin (occurs when it accumulates in organelles) - positions ebtween nucleus and surface of skin to protect DNA from damage
31
type of cells found in the stratum basale
tactile cells
32
what do tactile cells do?
- release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings
33
cells found prominnently in the stratum spinosum
dendritic cells
34
what do dendritic cells do?
- immune cells in skin - phagocytosis of pathogens that penetrate the superficial layers of epidermis
35
waxy, oily secretions
sebum from sebaceous glands
36
what are sebaceous glands?
- glands attached to hair follicles - secrete sebum - contain alveoli that burst when accumulates fat
37
what are sudoriferous glands?
- produce sweat/ watery solution - 2 types: apocrine and merocrine glands
38
what are apocrine glands?
- coiled, tubular glands associated with hair folicules that secrete cloudy, viscous substances at adolescence - apocrine glands become active in adolescence in axillary, aoerial and anagenital regions
39
what are eccrine/merocrine glands?
- glands that secrete clear sweat (water) - not associated with hair; palms and soles - important for thermoregulation and protection
40
what glands secrete cerumen?
ceremonious glands
41
what are ceremonious glands?
glands that secrete cerumen (ear wax) into external ear canal
42
glands that secrete milk
mammary glands
43
what are the two types of apocrine glands?
- ceremonious glands - mammary glands
44
what is it called when a whole cell is secreted?
holocrine secretion
45
what is dermacidin?
a antimicrobial peptide secreted by merocrine sweat glands that attack bacteria on the skin
46
alveoli containing cells that spherical in shape
alveolar gland
47
melanoma
when malignant (cancer) cells form in melanocytes (cells that colour the skin)
48
role of melanocytes
produce melanin pigment which give skin its colour
49
role of tactile cells
helps to pick up touch
50
role of dendritic cells
immune cells in the skin
51
role of keratinocytes
helps with skin repair and protection
52
ABCDE of melanoma
A = asymmetry B = border is not smooth C = colour is not the same D = diameter is large E = evolving over time
53
what factors contribute to skin colour?
- determined by the type of melanin pigment present in epidermis (black, yellow-brown, or brown) - determined by blood supply in dermis (red or blue)
54
compare the exocrine glands
- sebaceous glands secrete oily liquid which helps with waterproofing and inhibiting bacteria - sudoriferous glands produce watery sweat help with body temperature
55
components of epidermis
- 4 cell types (keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells and dendritic cells) - 5 layers of skin (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, strum lucidum, stratum corneum)
56
components of dermis
- papillary layer (and papillary plexuses) - reticular layer
57
components of hypodermis
- cutaneous plexuses
58
what is melanin?
a substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation
59
what are sweat glands?
sudoriferous glands
60
what is a melanosome?
- an organelle in which melanin (pigment) is synthesized - produced by melanocytes

HN204 Midterm 1 (17 decks)

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