Lecture 3 - Bones, Skeletal Tissue and the Skull

Question 1

7 functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

1.) support
2.) protection
3.) anchorage (origins, insertions)
4.) mineral and growth factor storage
5.) blood cell formation (red & white)
6.) triglyceride storage
7.) hormone production

Question 2

are bones considered living tissue?

Answer 2

yes, they respond to the environment
- they can grow, transform and repair themselves throughout life
- this is why there are bumps on bones as muscles and ligaments pull and build up tolerance

Question 3

what is apart of the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

skull, ribs, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Question 4

what is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

part of the body that is comprised up the upper and lower extremities

Question 4

major cranial sutures

Answer 4

saggital suture, lambdoid suture, coronal suture, squamous suture

Question 4

spongy bone

Answer 4

• lighter, less dense bone tissue
• made up of small, pieces of bone arranged like a honeycomb

Question 4

compact bone

Answer 4

• denser, stronger bone tissue
• found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones

Question 5

thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a bone

Answer 5

trabeculae of spongy bone

Question 6

type of cell located in lacunae

Answer 6

osteocytes

Question 7

hollow part of bone containing bone marrow

Answer 7

medullary cavity

Question 8

difference between red and yellow marrow

Answer 8

• red bone barrow produces blood cells (red, white, platelets)
• yellow marrow stores fat

Question 9

the membrane of vessels and nerves that wrap around bones

Answer 9

periosteum

Question 10

membrane lining inner surface of bony canal/haversian canal

Answer 10

endosteum

Question 11

end part of a lone bone

Answer 11

epiphysis

Question 12

shaft of a bone

Answer 12

diaphysis

Question 13

what is the name of the growth plate in bones?

Answer 13

the epiphyseal plate
–> located between the epiphysis and metaphysis of long bones

Question 14

what is hematopoiesis?

Answer 14

the production of all cellular components of blood

Question 15

translucent cartilage located in many joints

Answer 15

hyaline cartilage

Question 16

cartilage located in non load-bearing parts of the body

Answer 16

elastic cartilage

Question 17

strong tissue found usually in vertebrae and insertions of ligaments + tendons

Answer 17

fibrocartilage

Question 18

small “lid” above the larynx

Answer 18

epiglottis

Question 19

the “voice box”

Answer 19

larynx

Question 20

joint between the pubic bones

Answer 20

pubic symphisis

Question 21

fibrocartilagenous tissue between the surface of some joints, usually in the knee

Answer 21

menisci

Question 22

tissue connecting muscle to bone

Answer 22

tendons

Question 23

characteristic of long bones

Answer 23

long, thin shape

Question 24

characteristic of short bones

Answer 24

small, cubed shape

Question 25

characteristics of flat ones

Answer 25

flattened, broad surface

Question 26

characteristic of sesamoid bone

Answer 26

bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle near joints

Question 27

characteristic of irregular bones

Answer 27

not long, not small, not flat (i.e vertebrae) NOT easily characterized

Question 28

what is a nutrient artery?

Answer 28

- most apparent blood vessel in bones that branches into smaller artieries/arterioles - provide blood supply to the marrow

Question 29

most abundant protein in bones

Answer 29

osteocalcin is a hormone secreted by osteoblasts

Question 30

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 30

a bone disease that develops when mineral density and bone mass decreases, causing higher potenital for fractures

Question 31

what is osteosarcoma?

Answer 31

type of bone cancer that develop in osteoblast cells (which form bones)

Question 32

what is the importance of the transverse ligament of C2?

Answer 32

- located at first cervical vertebral body - acts like a seat belt and holds boney process of C2

Question 33

small circular bones at form the spine

Answer 33

vertebrae

Question 34

tear-shaped gland that secretes aqueous portion of tears

Answer 34

lacrimal gland

Question 35

large rounded projection

Answer 35

tuberosity

Question 36

narrow ridge of a bone

Answer 36

crest

Question 37

large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Answer 37

trochanter

Question 38

less noticeable narrow ridge of a bone

Answer 38

line

Question 39

small rounded projection

Answer 39

tubercle

Question 40

raised area on or above a condyle

Answer 40

epicondyle

Question 41

any bony prominence

Answer 41

process

Question 42

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Answer 42

spine

Question 43

bony expansion on a narrow neck

Answer 43

head

Question 44

smooth, flat articular surface

Answer 44

faucet

Question 45

rounded articular projection that usually associates with a fossa

Answer 45

condyle

Question 46

round or oval opening through a bone

Answer 46

foramen

Question 47

narrow, slitlike opening

Answer 47

fissure

Question 48

indentation at the edge of a structure

Answer 48

notch

Question 49

shallow basinlike depression in a bone

Answer 49

fossa

Question 50

canal-like passagement

Answer 50

meatus

Question 51

cavity within a bone, filled with air and mucous membrane

Answer 51

sinus

Question 52

narrow channel/ furrow

Answer 52

groove

Question 53

what is a suture?

Answer 53

- bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull - are also anatomical lines where the bony plates of the skull connect

Question 54

a tubular passage or channel that connects different parts of the body

Answer 54

canal

Question 55

the "eye sockets" or bilateral and symmetrical bony cavities in the head

Answer 55

orbits

Question 56

what is the importance of bone markings?

Answer 56

- helps to identify individual bones and bony pieces - used by clinicians and surgeons

Question 57

what are the 3 types of bone markings?

Answer 57

(1) articulations (2) projections (3) holes