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STS > Lecture 2: Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four eras of history?

A
  • Pre-history
  • Ancient times
  • Medieval ages
  • Modern era
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2
Q

When did the modern era started?

A

When wide conquest of the Americans took place — started liberal revolutions

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3
Q

What is the systemic body of knowledge where systematic way of thinking started?

A

Science

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4
Q

This became the standard basis of human knowledge

A

Scientific revolution

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5
Q

What was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period?

A

Scientific revolution

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6
Q

When and Where did science revolution began?

A

Toward the end of the renaissance period (1543) in Europe

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7
Q

What did scientific revolution influence?

A

Enlightenment

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8
Q

Enlightenment, also known as ____________

A

Social movement

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9
Q

What was the traditional way of thinking?

A

Aristotelian tradition

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10
Q

Who was the polish astronomer who contradicted the geocentric model and proposed the heliocentric theory?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

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11
Q

What model states that the earth is the center of the universe/everything?

A

Geocentric model

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12
Q

Another term for geocentric model

A

Ptolemaic model

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13
Q

When was the geocentric model introduced by Ptolemy?

A

6th century

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14
Q

What was the book that Copernicus wrote that led to the acceptance of the heliocentric theory?

A

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

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15
Q

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

A

On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

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16
Q

When was the book of Copernicus released? Who released it?

A

1543; Copernicus’ students

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17
Q

The change of belief from geocentric to heliocentric happened through the contributions of:

A
  1. Tycho Brahe’s observation of the sun Cassiopeia
  2. Johannes Kepler’s statement that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun is the center
  3. Galileo Galilei’s development of the telescope and observation of planet Venus
  4. Isaac Newton’s law of gravity
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18
Q

What was the book of Newton that contains the explanation of the law of gravity?

A

Principia

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19
Q

Who discredited the law of gravity?

A

Albert Einstein

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20
Q

What law did Albert Einstein proposed?

A

Law of relativity

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21
Q

What is the law of relativity?

A

Pertains about the existence of things

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22
Q

Where was the term ‘scientific method’ coined from?

A

Copernician revolution

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23
Q

What is the process of establishing facts through testing and experimentation?

A

Scientific method

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24
Q

Who are the two people who are notable in the field of scientific method?

A
  1. Frenchman Rene Descartes - Reasoning is needed before we regard something as true/fact
  2. Englishman Francis Bacon - Experimentation and Observation is needed before we regard something as true/fact
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25
Q

Who said that “The birth of science was the death of superstition”?

A

Thomas Huxley

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26
Q

Who is the English naturalist who theorized about the concepts of evolutionary biology?

A

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)

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27
Q

When did Charles Robert Darwin have remarkable investigations and insights about the concepts of evolutionary biology?

A

During his voyage on the HMS Beagle (1831-1836)

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28
Q

Books of Charles Robert Darwin?

A
  • Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
  • The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871)
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29
Q

Two main points of Darwinian Revolution

A
  1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
  2. The diversity of life came about because of the modification that were driven by natural selection
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30
Q

What refers to the survival of the fittest concepts — By generations we have survival instinct?

A

Natural Selection

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31
Q

What pertains to whatever characteristics that has been passed by the previous generation, used to survive certain phenomenon?

A

Survival instinct

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32
Q

Who is the Australian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

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33
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

The brain can be divided into certain compartments depending on its functions in human life

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34
Q

What did Sigmund Freud develop?

A

An observational method to study human’s inner life (personality) that mainly focuses on sexuality and evil nature of man

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35
Q

Who was the mentor of Sigmund Freud?

A

Joseph Breur

36
Q

What is the talking cure?

A

Hypnosis/Hysteria

37
Q

What led to the creation of the new method, Free association?

A

The realization of Freud that hypnosis is not effective

38
Q

What is Free association?

A

They allow patients to just talk in conscious state

39
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s first book?

A

Studien uber Hysterie (Studies in Hysteria) - 1895

40
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s 2nd book?

A

The Interpretation of Dreams - 1900

41
Q

What refers to the obvious sight and sounds that seems real in human dreams?

A

Manifest content

42
Q

What refers to the hidden meaning behind that dream?

A

Latent content

43
Q

What is Sigmund Freud’s 3rd book?

A

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life - 1901

44
Q

Freudian Slips was coined from:

A

Sigmund Freud’s 3rd book

45
Q

What are Freud theories that forgetfulness or slip of the tongue of a human is not accidental?

A

Freudian slips

46
Q

What states that there is a meaning behind the slip of the tongue that caused human to reveal something meaningful about the person?

A

Dynamic unconsciousness

47
Q

How did Freud describe the human personality?

A

He described it as ice glaciers which means not everything we portray or see is our only existing personality

48
Q

What is the animal instinct of man or the primitive part of a person mainly driven by animal instincts such as sexuality and survival?

A

ID

49
Q

The self-part of the personality that we regard ourselves as we live around our nature

A

EGO

50
Q

The morality of a person. It created the ethical/moral standards of a person

A

SUPER EGO

51
Q

What are the four cradles of early science?

A
  1. Mesoamerica
  2. Asia
  3. Middle East
  4. Africa
52
Q

What is the culture that appeared along the Southwestern curve of the Gulf of Mexico?

A

Mesoamerica

53
Q

What do you call the founding culture of Mesoamerica?

A

Rubber people

54
Q

Rubber people lasted from _______-_______ BCE

A

1400 - 100

55
Q

What is the founding aspect of a civilization?

A

Water

56
Q

How did the Mayans organized themselves?

A

Into small city-states instead of one big empire

57
Q

What is included in one of the sophisticated writings that Mayans developed?

A

Pictographs and symbols for syllables

58
Q

What are the 3 kinds of calendars that the Mayans devised?

A
  • Calendar for solar year (365 days)
  • Calendar for ritual year (260 days)
  • Long count calendar (started in August 13, 3114 BCE)
59
Q

What did the Mayans use as currency?

A

Cocoa beans

60
Q

When was the prediction of the Mayans for the end of the world because it is the end of the Mayan calendar?

A

December 31, 2012

61
Q

Who introduced the concept ‘zero’?

A

The Mayans

62
Q

A great military force

A

Aztecs

63
Q

What are small rectangular fertile land that are on shallow lake beds to grow crops?

A

Chinampa

64
Q

A mayan ball game

A

Tlachtli (Used of rubber)

65
Q

What is used for bookkeeping and considered as one of our earliest calculators aside from the abacus?

A

Quipos/Quipus

66
Q

What is the labor service that worked on road and bridge construction, cultivation of corn and textile production?

A

Mita system

67
Q

What is one of the earliest sited with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia?

A

Mehrgarh

68
Q

What is referred as the Early Harappan Phase?

A

Indus Valley Civilization

69
Q

When was the Early Harappan Phase?

A

3300 - 2600 BCE

70
Q

2600 BCE marks what?

A

Mature Harappan Phase

71
Q

When was early evidences for Chinese millet agriculture dated?

A

Around 7000 BCE

72
Q

Where was the earliest evidence of cultivated rice found?

A

Chengtoushan, near the Yangtze River

73
Q

What gave rise to the Jiahu culture (7000 - 5800 BCE)?

A

Neolithic revolution

74
Q

Excavation of a Peiligang culture site

A

Xinzheng county, Henan

75
Q

Earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the ___________________

A

Majiayao culture site (3100 - 2700 BCE)

76
Q

When did the Chinese civilization began?

A

During the second phase of the Erlitou period (1900 - 1500 BCE)

77
Q

What is considered as the first state level society of East Asia?

A

Erlitou

78
Q

The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty

A

Shang dynasty (1600 - 1046 BCE)

79
Q

What was the earliest known body of Chinese writing that the Shang sites yielded?

A

oracle bone script

80
Q

What was the capital of the empire Abbasids?

A

Baghdad (major cultural center)

81
Q

Where was Baghdad established?

A

Tigris River

82
Q

When was the emergence of a new dynasty called Abbasids?

A

8th century

83
Q

Who is the earliest and most distinguished Arabic mathematician?

A

Abu Ja’far Mohammed Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi

84
Q

What does Abu Ja’far Mohammed Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi translates to?

A

Abu Ja’far - Father of Ja’far
Mohammed Ibn Musa - Son of Moses
From the native town of Al-Khwarizmi

85
Q

Al-Khwarizmi wrote a book that described how to write numbers and compute them using the place-value decimal system we use today called _____________

A

Hindu-Arabic system

86
Q

What refers to the process of computing with the Hindu-Arabic numerals?

A

Algorism

87
Q

What was Al-Khwarizmi manuscript that translates to “restoration and compensation”?

A

Kitab al jabr w’al-muqabala

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