Lecture 2 Introduction to Sports Injuries

Question 1

Mechanisms of Injury may be

Answer 1

Primary or Secondary

Question 2

Primary injuries occur as a …

Answer 2

direct result of stress of sport.

Question 3

Primary injuries can result from

Answer 3

athlete or equipment.

Examples: Sprains/strains/fractures

Question 4

Secondary injuries occur as a

Answer 4

a indirect result of stress imposed by sport

Question 5

Secondary injuries can be result of

Answer 5

environment, existing health conditions, hereditary…

Examples: Heat exhaustion, altitude sickness, sickle cell anemia

Question 6

The several common Musculoskeletal Injuries

Answer 6

Sprains
Strains
Tendinopathies 
Bursitis 
Contusions
Fractures

Question 7

Sprains are injuries to ____ structures

Answer 7

passive

Question 8

sprains are Injuries to

Answer 8

ligaments

Question 9

sprains results from

Answer 9

overstress of the ligament fibers or their

bony attachment point

Question 10

Strains are injuries to

____ structures

Answer 10

active

Question 11

Strains are injuries to

Answer 11

Muscles

Question 12

Strains Result from

Answer 12

excessive forceful contraction or stretch, or

stretching while contracting (eccentric contraction).

Question 13

Tendonitis:

Answer 13

Inflammation stage of tendinopathy.

Question 14

Tendonosis:

Answer 14

Chronic tendonitis

Question 15

Tendinopathies usually include ____ mechanisms

Answer 15

overuse

Question 16

Tendinopathies are

Answer 16

Inflammation or degenerative changes in tendons
-Usually secondary to repeated micro-traumas or
circulatory disturbances in the tendon

Question 17

Bursitis:

Answer 17

Inflammation of a bursal sac
Leads to pain and substantial swelling. If not left to
resolve can become degenerative to bursa

Question 18

Bursa’s may be___ or _____

Answer 18

contused or chronically irritated

Question 19

Contusions may be____ or____

Answer 19

superficial or deep

Question 20

Contusions:

Answer 20

Crushing injuries to soft tissues with a blood supply.
Common in muscle tissue, and result in an intra-
muscular hematoma formation.

Question 21

Closed fracture (simple):

Answer 21

Does not break skin

Question 22

Open fracture (compound):

Answer 22

Bone breaks surface of skin

Question 23

There are 3 stages of the healing process

Answer 23

Inflammation

• Proliferation
• Maturation

Question 24

Acute Inflammation Stage

Inflammation:

Answer 24

The inflammation stage is the reaction of tissue to

acute trauma the result in damage at the cellular level.

Question 25

What happens in the acute inflam stage

Answer 25

Vasoconstriction and platelet rxn to reduce blood loss -Growth factors released by platelets attract reparative cells to the site of injury. -Clot formation triggers other cellular cascades that promote vasodilation and blood vessel permeability. -Migration of neutrophils/macrophages to cleanse damaged tissue via phagocytosis.

Question 26

The inflammation stage is

Answer 26

necessary but may be | managed to our benefit.

Question 27

Inflammation usually lasts

Answer 27

~24-72 hours

Question 28

Repair of tissue does not start until

Answer 28

inflammation stage | is ending.

Question 29

Signs of inflammation

Answer 29

``` S – Swelling H – Heat A – Altered Function R – Redness P – Pain ```

Question 30

Management

Answer 30

P - Pressure E - Elevate I - Ice R - Rest

Question 31

Proliferation stage:

Answer 31

Proliferation begins near the end of inflammation, and | typically extends as long as 6 weeks.

Question 32

What happens in the proliferation stage

Answer 32

Development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) -fibrous tissue formations (fibroplasia) -Generation of new epithelial tissue (if necessary), and/or scar tissue in other tissue types. -Immature collagen/granulation tissue laid down. Primary Healing (ends touching) Secondary Healing

Question 33

Immature collagen laid down during proliferation will _______ However...

Answer 33

mature (next phase of healing) depending on the tissue type and the stress placed on it. Tissue is very vulnerable during proliferation, and the end functional ability of the tissue will depend on the proliferation stage.

Question 34

Maturation stage:

Answer 34

starts towards the end of proliferation, and extends until the tissue reaches full function/strength Varies greatly from tissue to tissue, often longer that 1 year!

Question 35

what happens in maturation stage?

Answer 35

-Type I and III collagen replace immature collagen within scar tissue to increase strength of repair. -Elastin is incorporated (ongoing) with healing. -Collagen fibers align with stresses

Question 36

Maturation stage starts at the end of _____ | and extends until the tissue ______

Answer 36

proliferation ... reaches full function.

Question 37

The end of maturation will include return to sport activities and full use of injured structure. -The lead up to this should

Answer 37

be extensively planned and follow a sounds understanding of timeline and tissue expectation.

Question 38

General ligament and tendon healing Immature collagen/granular tissue deposition : 70 % of pre-injury strength regained: Full function restoration:

Answer 38

3-6 Days 6 - 8 weeks Up to 1 year

Question 39

General Muscle healing: Degeneration/replacement of myofibrillar proteins = 50% of strength regained = Full return to sport strength =

Answer 39

1-7 days Varies based on stg 1/2/3 Varies

Question 40

``` General Bone Healing : Hematoma formation = Soft callous formation = Hard callous formation = up to 12 weeks) Return to sport remodeling = ```

Answer 40

~48 hours 7-14 days 4-6 weeks (longer for primary long bones up to 12 weeks) *Greatest risk for re-injury* As tolerated

Question 41

Risk factors can be either_____ or_____

Answer 41

Intrinsic or Extrinsic

Question 42

Intrinsic risk factors relate to ______ | Extrinsic risk factors relate to _________

Answer 42

the athlete/individual | sport/surface/environment

Question 43

Some general themes of intrinsic risk factors include:

Answer 43

Age - Gender - psychological state - medical conditions

Question 44

Some age related risk factors:

Answer 44

- Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease - Scoliosis - Growth plate injuries - Osgood Schlatter Disease

Question 45

Some gender related risk factors:

Answer 45

``` Most injuries affect men and women relatively equally, however: -Concussions -Knee injuries -The female athlete triad ```

Question 46

The Female Athlete Triad:

Answer 46

Energy imbalance (with or without disordered eating) can lead to loss of body weight: -Lower estrogen/hormone production causing dysmenorrhea (menstrual dysfunction) -Premature bone loss causing osteoporosis and increased incident of fractures (result of low calories and decreased estrogen.

Question 47

some medical conditions-related risk factors

Answer 47

Diabetes - Asthma - Heart Conditions - Previous MSK injuries - Leg length discrepancies - Marfan Syndrome - Absence of organs...*!