Lecture 2 Martin Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
Peptidoglycan percentage
A
60-80% of the cell wall
2
Q
Helps bacteria resist phagocytosis
A
Capsule
3
Q
May hide surface antigens on bacteria
A
Capsule
4
Q
Sometimes assist in bacterial attachment
A
Capsule
5
Q
Long slender threadlike appendages
A
Flagellum
6
Q
Purpose of flagellum
A
Motility
7
Q
Types of locomotion in flagellum
A
Chemotaxis or phototaxis
8
Q
Composition of flagellum
A
Protein
9
Q
Highly resistant dehydrated bacterial form resistant to environmental effects
A
Endospore (spore)
10
Q
What uses axial filaments for motility?
A
Spirochetes
11
Q
Composition of a spore
A
Concentrated dehydrated densely packed nucleic acids and metabolic proteins with a thick spore coat
12
Q
Short thin threadlike glycoprotein strands
A
Fimbriae
13
Q
Function of Fimbriae
A
Aid in attaching to the appropriate cell
14
Q
Specialized fimbrae involved in DNA transfer during conjugation
A
Sex pili
15
Q
Organism that utilizes non living organic matter
A
Saprophyte
16
Q
Organism which lives in or on a host organism
A
Parasite
17
Q
Organisms that have elaborate requirements for specific nutrients which they cannot synthesize
A
Fastidious
18
Q
Bacteria that require oxygen 21%
A
Aerobic
19
Q
Bacteria that require reduced oxygen concentration 5-10%
A
Microaerophillic
20
Q
Bacteria that require the absence of oxygen
A
Anaerobic
21
Q
Bacteria able to grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
A
Facultative
22
Q
Optimal growth conditions for bacteria
A
Temp: 35C
PH: 6.8-7.4
Humidity: 60-80%
CO2: most medically significant bacteria do not require CO2
23
Q
Substance containing organic nutrients and water and possibly enrichments
A
Culture media
24
Q
Clump of a few million identical bacteria originating from the same bacterium
A
Colony
25
1-3mm diameter, smooth, shiny, and often with a butter like consistency
Colony
26
30-60minutes
Average bacterial cell generation, some can take up to 15-30hrs
27
15-48hrs
Average time to form a bacterial colony, some need days or weeks
28
Size of atypical bacteria
0.1 - 0.3 um
29
Obligate, intracellular parasites
Atypical bacteria, typically lacking specific genes
30
Modified cell wall structures
Atypical bacteria
31
Possesses a complicated or modified reproductive method
Atypical bacteria
32
Requirements for lab cultivation of atypical bacteria
Living host or special highly enriched media
33
Three important atypical bacteria
Mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia
34
Classification of moulds and yeast
Fungi
35
Cell type of fungi
Eucaryotic
36
Single cell organism with an oval or spherical shape. Reproduces by budding from existing cell or by spore formation
Yeast
37
Size of yeast
4-15um
38
Colony with a smooth, shiny surface similar to bacteria
Yeast
39
Multicellular long filamentous cells that branch and intertwine
Hyphae
40
Size of hyphae
2 to 15um diameter
| up to 30um in length
41
Size of mould spores
1-10um
42
Visible mass of hyphae
Mycelium
43
Average growth time for yeast
2 to 5 days
44
Average growth time for mould colonies
5 to 21 days
45
Growth media requirements for fungi
Similar to bacteria growth media but contains antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth
46
Obligate, intracellular parasite
Virus
47
Obligate
Takes control of the host cell
| Requires metabolic processes of living cell to reproduce virus
48
What nucleic acid do viruses posess?
RNA or DNA, not both
49
A complete, fully developed individual virus particle
Virion
50
Size of virus
18 to 300 nm
51
Enveloped virus
Helical
52
Non-enveloped virus
Isocahedral
53
Helical viruses posses what structures?
Nucleic acid
Capsid protein
Envelope
Antigen spikes
54
Icosahedral viruses posses
Nucleic acid
| Capsid protein
55
Two shapes of virus
Isocahedral
| Helical
56
Purpose of the capsid
Contain and protect the nucleic acid
| Proteins serve as antigens in infection and as site for attachment
57
Composition of viral envelope
Lipid bilayer acquired from host cell or nuclear membrane
| Glycoproteins
58
Function of viral envelope
General protection from environment
Primary site of attachment to host cell
Serve as antigens during infection and as site for antibody attachment
59
Bacteriophage
Bacterial virus
60
Head of bacteriophage
Core - nucleic acid
| Capsid - protective protein
61
Tail of bacteriophage
Connects the head to the base
| Becomes tube when virus attaches to bacteria
62
What determines the viral attachment site of bacterial cells?
Tail fibers, polysaccharide tips
63
How does a virus get through the bacterial cell wall?
The base with enzymatic pins, allows the nucleic acid to enter the bacteria
64
Sequence of events during virus infection
```
Attachment
Penetration and uncoating of nucleic acid
Eclipse or synthesis phase
Maturation
Release
```
65
Eclipse or synthesis phase
```
Nucleic acid transcribed into mRNA
MRNA translated into viral proteins
Inhibits the host's synthetic mechanism
Viral nucleic acid copies produced
Viral capsids are produced
```
66
How do encapsulated viruses release?
Bud through the cell membrane
67
How do non enveloped viruses release?
Lysis of the host cell
68
DNA incorporated into the host DNA and hidden for a period of time
Latency/Lysogeny
69
Latent virus DNA removed from the host DNA and producing new viruses in bacteria
Lytic
70
Icosahedral
Soccer ball shaped
71
Capsid
Protein
Protection
Attachment
72
Single celled organisms with intracellular organelles
Protozoa
73
4 types of protozoa
Amoebae
Flagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexans (sporozoans)
74
Motility of amoebae
Pseudopodia
75
Motility of flagellates
Flagella
76
Motility of ciliates
Cilia
77
Motility of apicomplexans
Non motile in mature form
78
General size of protozoa
2um to1mm
79
Cell type of protozoa
Eucaryotic
80
Two stages of protozoa
Trophozoite
| Cystic
81
```
Protozoa
Active
Vegetative
Motile
Feeding stage
```
Trophozoite
82
Stage of protozoa responsible for major pathological conditions
Trophozoite
83
Protozoa
Dormant
Nonmotile
Non feeding stage
Cystic
84
Multiple divisions of the nucleus before the cell divides
Schizogony
85
Two cells fuse, fertilizing the other, followed by division
Conjugation
86
```
Animal
Eucaryote
Multicellular
Possess specialized simple body system
Locomotion reduced or lacking
```
Helminths
87
Flatworms
Playhelminths
88
The flukes
Trematodes
89
One body part, non segmented, leaf shaped
Trematode
90
Size of trematodes (flukes)
500um to 60mm
91
Reproduction of trematodes
Monoecious, male and female structures in one organism
92
Tapeworms
Cestodes
93
Multiple body parts, segmented
Cestode, tapeworm
94
Size of cestodes
2mm to over 12m
95
Reproduction of cestodes
Monoecious
96
Nematodes
Aschelminthes, the true roundworms
97
Unsegmented and cylindrical
Aschelminthes, nematode
98
Size of aschelminthes
300um to 1m
99
Reproduction of aschelminthes
Dioecious, sexes separated into male and female
100
Alimentary track of aschelminthes
Complete
101
Alimentary tract of cestodes
Absent
102
Alimentary track of trematodes
Partial, mouth esophagus caeca but no anus
103
Study of chemical and cellular defense against foreign substances
Immunology
104
Body's resistance to disaes causing mircoorganisms and damage by foreign substances
Immunity
105
Two types of host protective responses
Innate and adaptive
106
Non specific general recognition and response to foreign substance, physical and chemical barriers
Innate host response
107
Specific response to foreign substance
Adaptive
108
Foreign substance, such as a microorganism which triggers teh immune response
Antigen
109
Antigen specific proteins which bind to the antigen and assist in inactivating the antigen
Antibody
110
Certain white blood cells that ingest and digest invading microbes
Phagocytes
111
Site of immune response activities
Spleen and lymph nodes
112
Where do stem cell originate?
Bone marrow
113
What are the primary phagocytic cells?
Neutrophils
114
How quickly do neutrophils mature?
About 10^10/day
115
What type of cell is active in allergic response?
Eosinophils
116
What type of blood cell are involved in inflammation?
Basophils
117
These cells are:
Moderately phagocytic
Mature into macrophages and dendritic cells
Respond to inflammation signals
Monocytes
118
These cells are PRECOMMITTED to respond to specific antigens
Lymphocytes
119
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, Natural killer cell
120
Describe the circulation process of neutrophils
Circulate about 6.5hrs then adher to endothelium of blood vessels and wait to respond to inflammation
121
How long does it take for the average lymphocyte to circulate the blood and lymphatic systems?
About 1 to 2 days
122
What percentage of lymphocytes are present in the circulating blood?
1%
123
Large phagocytic cells which mature from monocytes
Macrophages
124
How much larger are macrophages compared to monocytes?
About 10 times the size
125
This cell posseses many broad specificity receptors enabling it to capture a wide range of pathogens
Macrophages
126
These cells are a major line of defense (via phagocytosis and anitgen presention) against incading microbes and abnormal or defective host cells
Macrophages
127
Nonspecific general response to foreign substance including inflammatory response
Innate host response
128
Three types of physical and chemical barriers
Skin & mucous
Certain proteins in blood from specific tissue cells
Phagocytosis
129
What determines the nature of the immune response?
Route of transmission or portal of entry and type of microbe
130
Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries are what kind of response
Inflammatory
131
Causes the formation of pus and swelling
Phagocytosis
132
Kinins, fibrinopeptides, clotting factors, lysozyme, histamin, cytokines are what?
Chemicals released in serum & tissue in response to antigen presence
133
Primary cells involved in phagocytosis
Macrophage
| Neutrophil
134
Movement of phagocyte toward the site of inflammation/intrusion
Chemotaxis
135
Phagocyte adheres to antigen/intruder
| Hindered by bacterial capsule or surface protein
Adherence
136
Describe the ingestion of a microbe by phagocytosis
Pseudopod of phagocyte surrounds the foreign material
| Phagocyte encloses the foreign material into a phagosome
137
How do phagocytes digest intruders?
Lysosomes contining powerful digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances
Lysosomes combine with phagosomes forming phagolysosomes in which the foreign material is digested
Waste is discharged
138
Specific foreign substance which STIMULATES AN IMMUNE RESPONSE when introduced into the body and REACTS WITH ANTIBODIES OR T-CELL RECEPTORS
Antigens
139
Four steps of phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion
140
What type of cells can be phagocytized by the body?
Foreign
| Malfunctioning or damaged self cells
141
A protein with complex 3D configuration
Chemical nature of an antigen
142
The specific part of the immunogen that specifiees or determines the exact antibody to be produced
Epitope
143
What is the portion fo the antigen that combines with a specific antibody or T-cell receptor
Epitope
144
What determines the quality of an epitope?
Its exposure to the immune system as well as the 3 dimensional shape of the molecule
145
Two letter symbol for immunoglobulin
Ig
146
Antigen specific proteins which bind to specific sites on antigens and assist in inactivating the antigen by attaching to it
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
147
What percentage of Ig is construed of carbohydrate?
4-18%
148
What percentage of plasma proteins are immunoglobulins?
20%
149
5 classes of immunoglobulin
```
A
D
E
G
M
```
150
Antigen specific binding sites "lock and key"
Fab sites
| 2 sites per monomeric molecule
151
Binding site for phagocyte
Fc region
152
What shapes are Ig antibodies
Y shaped with ends designated as Fab and Fc
153
A macrobolecule consisting of at least one monomer comprised of two heavy chains and two light chains
Immunoglobulin
154
What comprises the Fab ends of an Ig?
Two light chains and two heavy chains
155
What comprises the Fc region of an Ig?
Two heavy chains
156
How many constant regions are on the heavy chains of Ig?
3-4
157
How many variable regions on the light chains of Ig?
1
158
Light chains have how many constant regions?
1
159
Light chains have how many variable regions?
1
160
What is the function of the variable region of Ig?
Recognize and bind with a particular epitope
161
What cells are procommitted
Lymphocytes
162
The site of antigen processing
Spleen and lymph nodes
163
Lymphatic fluid containing antigens and antigen presenting cells flow through
Lymph nodes
164
This organ filters blood and traps blood borne antigens
Spleen
165
MALT
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
166
GALT
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
167
Appendix and peyer's patches
GALT
168
BALT
Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue
169
Lymphoid nodules on outer wall of intestines
Peyer's Patches
170
Proteins on the surface of tisue and blood cells which identify cells belonging to a specific individual
Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC)
171
What type of MHC proteins are found on virtually every cell in the body
Class I
172
These MHC proteins are found only on immunocompetent cells, particularly B-cells and Macrophages
Class II
173
What cell recognizes antigens when presented by MHC
T cells
174
What three cells are lymphocytes?
T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells
175
How are lymphocytes identified and differentiated?
Clusters of Differentiation (CD)
176
T cells and B cells have what type of receptors?
Antigen Specific Surface Receptors, precommitted to specific types of foreign antigen molecules
177
Protein molecule complec on the surface of lymphocyte
Serve as receptors or attachment sites
Identify different stages of lymphocyte development
Clusters of Differentiation
178
Immune tolerance
Mature lymphocytes are tolerant of antigens on our own self MHC molecules
179
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus, then concentrate in lymph nodes
180
CD3
CD28
CD40
LFA-1
T cell surface markers
181
CD3
Identifies mature T Cell
182
CD 28
Receives activation co signal from CD80/86 on APC
183
CD40
Receptor, binds with CD40 on B cell
184
LFA1
Leukocyte function associated antigen 1, adhesion molecule on t cells
185
Where do B cells develop?
Bone marrow
186
CD40
CD19, CD20, CD 21
Produces CD80/86
B Cell Receptors
187
CD40
B-cell marker significant for binding with T-cells
188
CD19, CD20, CD21
Used for identification of B Cells
189
CD80/86 in B cells
Produced when B cells act as Antigen Presenting cells (APC)
190
Subpopulation of T Cells
```
CD4= Helper T Cell
CD8= Cytoxic T Cell
```
191
ICAM-I
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
192
What does ICAM-I bind to?
LFA-1
193
What binds to CD2?
LFA-3
194
Location of alveolar macrophage
Lung
195
Location of kupffer cells
Liver
196
Location of microglial cells
Brain
197
Location of langerhans cells
Skin
198
Location of interdigitating dendritic cells
Lymph nodes and spleen, most frequent APC
199
Interleukin-1, IL-1
- Macrophages, APC's
- Co-stimulates Th cell activation.
- Promotes T cell proliferation (stimulates IL-2 receptors)
- Inflammation
200
Interleukin-2, IL-2
CD4 Cells
T & B Cell growth factor
Activates & enhances T, B, and NK cells
201
Interleukin-3, IL-3
Activated CD-4 Cells
| Promotes proliferation of a variety of cells (colony stimulating factor)
202
Interleukin-4, IL-4
Activated CD4 Cells
Co-stimulates B Cells
Promotes B cell growth and differentiation
Promotes IgE reactions
203
Interleukin-5, IL-5
Activated CD4 cells
Stimulates differentiation of B cells & Eosinophils
Promotes IgA & IgE
204
Interleukin-6 IL-6
Macrophage, T Cells
Mediates acute phase response
Enhances b cell growth
Induces b cell differentiation to plasma cell
205
Interleukin-8, IL-8
Macrophages
Chemoattracts neutrophils
Promotes neutrophil adherence to vascular endothelial cells
206
Interleukin-10, IL-10
CD4 Cells
Inhibits cytokine synthesis
Down regulates cellular response
Enhances immunoglobulin secretion
207
Interleukin-12, IL-12
Macrophages
| Activates NK, CD4, Th1 cells
208
Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNF
```
Macrophages, T Lymphocytes
Inflammation
Activate macrophages, granulocytes, cytotoxic cells
Kills tumor cells
Enhance phagocytosis
```
209
MIF
T cells
| Macrophage inhibition factor
210
MAF
T Cells
| Macrophage activating factor
211
Interferon, IF
Leukocytes
Antiviral activity
Enhance MHC-1
Activate NK
212
Interferon-y
T cells
Enhance & activate macrophages, CTL, and NK cells
Promotes inflammation
