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Micro Martin > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Entire complement of genes on all chromosomes normally found in an organism

A

Genome

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2
Q

One entire double strand of DNA conataining multiple genes

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

What nucleic acid structure is involved in chromosomes?

A

DNA, RNA is only found in RNA viruses

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4
Q

Segment of DNA that contains the genetic code for a functional product

A

Gene

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5
Q

Total genetic makeup of an organism (potential properties of the cell)

A

Genotype

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6
Q

Actual, expressed properties of an organism

A

Phenotype

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7
Q

What two sugars are involved in nucleic acids?

A

Ribose or Deoxyribose

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8
Q

What is bound the the 5’ carbon of the sugar molecule in DNA?

A

Phosphate group

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9
Q

What’s bound to the 1’ carbon on the sugar molecule?

A

Nitrogenous base

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10
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine

Guanine

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11
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil (only in RNA)

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12
Q

What nitrogenous bases bind to each other?

A

Adenine to Thymine (or Uracil)

Cytosine to Guanine

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13
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Double helix

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14
Q

What directions do the DNA strands run?

A

Opposite or antiparallel

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15
Q

Which end of the DNA molecule are new nucleotides added to?

A

3’

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16
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

Edit for errors

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17
Q

How accurate is DNA polymerase

A

1 error in a billion base pairs replicated

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18
Q

What is the replication fork?

A

The location of unwound DNA helix exposing the separated strands allowing for replication

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19
Q

What enzymes are involved in the unwinding of DNA?

A

Helicase and DNA gyrase

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20
Q

Which direction is the 3’ nucleotide facing on the leading strand?

A

Into the replication fork. Replication is continuous

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21
Q

Which part of the sugar molecule is pointed toward the replication fork on the lagging strand?

A

5’

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22
Q

How does the lagging strand replicate?

A

By replicating short fragments and then connecting them together with DNA ligase

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23
Q

What chemicals are needed for the lagging strand to replicate?

A

RNA primer initiates the growth in the absence of a 3’ binding site
DNA ligase which can connect to both 3’ and 5’ binding sites simultaneously

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24
Q

What term is used to describe the stop and start of replication of the lagging strand?

Study These Flashcards
A

Discontinuous

25
When the entire chromosome is copied, each double helix consists of one newly synthesized strand of DNA bound to one original parent strand
Semiconservative replication
26
Large, single stranded molecule of nucleotides
RNA
27
Carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes
MRNA
28
Three nucleotides on the mRNA that specify an amino acid
Codon
29
Another name for triplet code
Genetic code
30
Transports and then transfers the amino acid to the developing peptide chain
Transfer RNA
31
The site on the tRNA that bonds with the codon on the mRNA
Anticodons
32
Assists protein synthesis by serving as a facilitator for the mRNA and tRNA functions
Ribosomal rRNA
33
The transfer of the genetic code on DNA gene into a messenger RNA strand
Transcription
34
Synthesis of a polypeptide at the ribosome through linkage of amino acids in a sequence specified by a mRNA molecule
Translation
35
These genes are constantly expressed (transcribed and translated into functional products)
Constituitive genes
36
What percentage of genes are constituitive?
60-80%
37
These genes can be turned on
Inducible genes
38
What are repressible genes?
Genes that can be turned off
39
Related genes that are regulated as a group/series
Operon
40
This operon codes for a repressor protein which can bind to the operator region
Repressor gene
41
Region of the chromosome to which the RNA polymerase binds during transcription
Promoter site
42
Region of the chromosome which controls acces of the RNA polymerase to the structural genes of the operon, site to which the repressor protein binds
Operator site
43
Adjacent genes of the operon which direct the synthesis of proteins with related functions and which are regulated as a unit
Genes of the operon
44
Genes are expressed only when certain envirionmental conditions are present
Inducible operon
45
Genes are expressed EXCEPT when certain environmental conditions are present
Repressible Operon
46
Changes (substitutions or deletions) in the sequence of DNA bases, thus changing the genetic code
Mutation
47
Three types of mutations
Base substitution Frameshift mutation Gross mutation
48
A single base is replaced with another, thus changing the codon
Base substitution
49
Insertion or deletion of bases may shift the codon reading frame of the mRNA in the ribosome - often results in significantly different or nonfunctional protein
Frameshift mutation
50
Gain or loss of entire gene segment or inversions or transpositions of gene sequences. Results in major change or non-functional cell
Gross mutation
51
Causes of mutation
Spontaneous (minimal) Chemical changes Radiation- X-ray, gamma ray, UV
52
Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes
Genetic recombination
53
Small, circular, self-replicating piece of DNA in bacteria
Plasmid
54
Self replicating piece of DNA that often codes for antibiotic resistance or disease-causing factors
Plasmid
55
What can be used for genetic engineering of bacteria?
Recombinant plasmid inserted into a new host bacterium
56
Lysogeny
Integration of viral DNA, bacteriophage mentioned specifically
57
The transfer of genetic material between donor and recipient cells involving direct cell to cell contact
Conjugation
58
Direct transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as naked DNA in solution
Transformation
59
The transfer of DNA from donor bacterium to recipient bacterium by using a bacterial virus as the vehicle
Transduction

Micro Martin (3 decks)

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