Lecture 2- Muscles of the thoracic wall; Pleural cavities and lungs Flashcards
What does the thorax include + identify this image
Thorax (chest) includes the thoracic wall and the thoracic cavity. It contains internal
organs such as heart and lungs and various other structures (esophagus, trachea,
large vessels).
What is the thoracic wall?
The skeletal part consists of the rib cage, thoracic vertebrae and sternum. The
rest of the wall is made of muscles, skin and fascia. The wall protects the thoracic
cavity and the structures within it.
What are the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic cage?
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
1. External intercostal
2. Internal intercostal
3. Innermost intercostal
• DIAPHRAGM (primary muscle of respiration)
Identify this image.
Identify the structures on this image
What is VAN component?
Explain what is the pleura.
Pleura is a serous membrane covering the inner walls of the thoracic cavity (parietal
pleura) and the surface of the lungs (visceral pleura).
Explain the pleural cavities.
In the living, the pleural cavities are small, found between visceral and parietal pleura. They contain a small amount of serous pleural fluid to lubricate the surfaces of the lungs to allow movement of the lungs against the parietal surfaces during inspiration and expiration.
What is a pleural reflection.
What is a pleural recess. What are the different types.
Explain the differences between the right and left lung.
Explain the surfaces of the lung.
The surfaces of the lungs match the surfaces of the parietal pleura. Each lung has:
• diaphragmatic
• costal and
• mediastinal surfaces.
Explain the hilium of the lung.
Hilum is the area on the medial aspect of the lung where vessels and other structures comprising the root of the lung either enter (bronchus, pulmonary artery) or leave (pulmonary veins) the lung.
Explain why inhaled peanuts and other foods tend to end up in the right bronchus.
The trachea bifurcates into the left and right bronchus (main bronchus) at the
level of the sternal angle. Because of the heart, the trachea deviates to the right.
This fact, plus the size difference of the lungs, means that the right bronchus is
bigger in diameter, more vertical and shorter than the left bronchus (i.e., the left
bronchus is narrower, more horizontal and longer). Thus, inhaled peanuts and other
foods tend to end up in the right bronchus.
What are the different lung segments.
The upper and lower lobe of the left lung have 5 segments each.
The upper lobe of the right lung has 3 segments, the middle lobe has 2 segments and
the lower lobe has 5 segments.
Each segment of the lung is a functional unit with its own tertiary bronchus,
artery and vein.
What are the muscles of respiration.
Identify these structures.
What is the phrenic nerve and its function? Identify these structures to better understand.
Identify
Explain the bucket handle and pump handle movement of the diaphragm.
explain how the diameter changes with the bucket handle and pump handle movement.
Explain the location, structure and vascular supply of breasts in female.
D. Clinical concerns: Lymphatic drainage (pathways for metastasis of breast carcinoma).
Most lymph from the breast drains:
a. laterally to pectoral (or anterior axillary) lymph nodes in the axilla, then to the central
axillary nodes, then to the apical axillary nodes, and finally by lymphatic ducts into the
venous system.
b. to apical nodes directly (i.e., superiorly)
c. to internal thoracic nodes (i.e., deeply)
d. to opposite breast (i.e., medially)
e. to rectus sheath (i.e., inferiorly) then into abdominal cavity
