Lecture 1 - Introduction to anatomy Flashcards
Osteology of thorax
Anatomy comes from where and what does it mean?
Anatomy comes from Greek words ana + temnien = “to cut up”
Morphology?
Morphology comes from words (Gr.) morphe+ logos= “form” + “to speak of” (studyof form).
What is “Microanatomy”?
- Microanatomy - bone, cartilage and muscle tissue - MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY = HISTOLOGY (histos, Gr. tissue)
What is “Macroanatomy”?
Gross anatomy (google search = the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye.)
What is a “tissue”? How many major types of “tissues” are in the body?
A tissue is a group of cells that usually have a common function and are similar in structure. The body is composed of four major types of tissues.
What are the 4 major types of tissues that compose the body?
- Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue
What is an “Epithelial tissue”?
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts, and forms glands (example: epidermis, the outermost layer of skin).
What is a “Connective tissue”?
Connective tissue protects and supports the body and organs; it binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity (example: tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage).
What is a “Muscle tissue”?
Muscle tissue provides movement and generation of force.
What is a “Nervous tissue”
Nervous tissue initiates and transmits nerve impulses (signals) that help control and coordinate body activities.
What is the most abundant and most widely distributed tissue in the body ?
Connective tissue is the most abundant and most widely distributed tissue in the body. Four main
classes are:
1. connective tissue proper
2. cartilage
3. bone
4. blood
List the functions of connective tissue.
- Binds together, supports and strengthens other tissues 2. Protects and insulates internal organs 3. Compartmentalizes certain structures (e.g., skeletal muscles) = fascia 4. Blood is a connective tissue that transports substances 5. Adipose tissue stores energy reserves
What are the general features of connective tissue?
General features of connective tissue:
• composed of cells separated by an extracellular matrix that consists of ground substance
and fibers
• not located on free surfaces (i.e., surface of the skin, inner lining of the gut)
• has a nerve supply (except in cartilage)
• has a rich blood supply (except in cartilage and tendons)
What are the specialized connective tissues?
Specialized connective tissue – the two types present in the skeletal system are: 1. Cartilage 2. Bone
What is “cartilage”?
Cartilage contains cells called chondrocytes embedded in a gelatinous matrix that includes
collagen fibers and elastic fibers; it is avascular (and therefore heals slowly) and lacks nerves.
Cartilage is usually covered with dense irregular connective tissue called perichondrium.
What are the different kinds of cartilage? Describe the types of fibers, properties and location for each type.
- Hyaline cartilage (Gr. glass-like)
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
See image
What is “Hyaline cartilage”?
- Hyaline cartilage (Gr. glass-like): has fine collagen fibers; most abundant type of cartilage.
Located on ends of long bones, nose, trachea, etc. It provides movement at joints, flexibility, and
support.
What is “Fibrocartilage”?
- Fibrocartilage: contains dense bundles of collagen fibers; located in intervertebral discs, knee
menisci, symphysis pubis; provides strength and rigidity.
What is “Elastic cartilage”?
- Elastic cartilage: contains network of elastic fibers; located in epiglottis, external ear, etc. It
maintains shape and provides strength and elasticity.
What is “Bone”?
Bone tissue contains osteocytes embedded in a rigid, calcified matrix that includes collagen
fibers.
BONE IMAGE
What are the types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal muscle: voluntary, striated; moves bones as well as skin and other soft tissues.
- Cardiac muscle: involuntary, striated; forms most of the wall of the heart.
- Smooth muscle: involuntary, non-striated: located in the walls of hollow internal structures
(blood vessels, intestine) and in arrector pili muscles.
Describe the anatomical position.
- person stands erect
• palms face anteriorly
• thumbs pointed away from the body
• toes point forward
Name the 6 reference directions and explain.
Reference directions:
- Anterior — Posterior
- Superior — Inferior
- Medial — Lateral
- Proximal — Distal
- Superficial — Deep
Name and explain the reference planes.
Reference planes:
- Sagittal
- Frontal (= Coronal)
- Transverse (= Cross section)
What are “Fibrous joints”?
1) Fibrous joints
i) Syndesmosis = bone-[long fibrous tissue]-bone
ii) Suture = bone-[very short fibrous tissue]-bone
What are “Cartilaginous joints”?
2) Cartilaginous joints
i) Synchondrosis = bone-[cartilage]-bone
ii) Symphysis = bone-[fibro-cartilage]-bone
What are “Synovial joints”?
Synovial joint = bone-[cartilage-(synovial fluid)-cartilage]-bone
Synovial joints are the most movable joins in the body; all are diarthroses. Most
joints in the body are synovial. All synovial joints have:
• Articular cartilage (hyaline) on the ends of articulating bones
• Joint cavity – space that holds synovial fluid
• Articular capsule – encloses joint cavity
• Synovial fluid – viscous fluid inside the joint cavity
• Ligaments that reinforce the joint (intra- and extracapsular)
What are some of the movements at synovial joints?
Movements at synovial joints:
1. Flexion – decreases the angle between the bones
2. Extension – increases the angle between the bones
3. Abduction – moving (a limb) away from the body
4. Adduction – moving (a limb) toward the body
5. Circumduction - 1, 2, 3 and 4 combined (moving in a circle)
6. Rotation (medial and lateral) - movement of the bone around the longitudinal axis
7. Gliding – sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Special movements:
1. Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction (scapula, mandible)
2. Supination, pronation (forearm)
3. Opposition (digits)
4. Inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion (foot).
Different types of muscles.
What is an isometric contraction?
. Isometric (equal length): the muscle fibres
contract and generate the same amount of
force as the resistance and the length of the
muscle does not change. e.g., it
does not put the joints on which it works through a range of motion.
What is an isotonic contraction?
isotonic (equal tension): change in muscle length but the force generated remains the same.
a) concentric: muscle shortens as it generates a force greater than the external force on the
muscle; typical of “muscle exercise”.
b) eccentric: muscle lengthens while under tension due to an opposing force greater than
what the muscle generates.
Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view.
The parts of the Sternum.
Example of the components of a Rib.
6th rib posterior view
How many thoracic vertebrates are there?
What are the different parts?
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• Parts: vertebral body (anterior) and vertebral arch; they enclose the vertebral foramen,
which contains the spinal cord. The vertebral arch carries vertebral processes.
• Transverse processes (2) with a facet (articulation) for ribs #1-10
• Spinous process (posterior)
• Articulation facets (*) for the head of rib on the bodies of vertebrae are full on the 1st
,
(10th), 11th and 12th vertebrae, but demi-facets on other thoracic vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae.
b) thoracic
a) lateral view
What does a typical rib attach to?
+
Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typica true rib.
Each typical rib (ribs 2-9) attaches to the:
1. Bodies of two vertebrae (via demi-facets): the corresponding vertebra., i.e., of
the same number, and the vertebra above,
2. Transverse process of the corresponding vertebra,
3. Sternum
