lecture 2 part 1: male

Question 1

excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism, cleans blood, regulates body water and electrolytes

Answer 1

kidney
turns 1.5 L into urine

Question 2

kidney endocrine organ- secretes hormones
renin
erythropoietin

Answer 2

renin- blood pressure
erythropoietin- proliferative effect on bone marrow

Question 3

functional unit of kidney

Answer 3

nephron

Question 4

3 morphologic components of nephron

Answer 4

glomeruli
convoluted tubules
collecting ducts

Question 5

controls blood pressure

Answer 5

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 6

juxtaglomerular cells in wall of afferent arteriole are sensor for

Answer 6

bp

Question 7

macula densa in wall of distal convoluted tubule

Answer 7

sensor for sodium

Question 8

associated with many primary renal disorders, elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, related the reduced glomerular filtration rate GFR

Answer 8

azotemia

Question 9

hypoperfusion of kidneys decreases GFR in absence of parenchymal damage

Answer 9

post-renal azotemia

Question 10

urine flow obstructed below level of kidney

Answer 10

post-renal azotemia

Question 11

progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic biochemical abnormalities
-failure of renal excretory function
-metabolic and endocrine alterations

Answer 11

uremia

Question 12

(glomerular syndrome) – heavy proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

Answer 12

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 13

– (glomerular syndrome) – acute onset of grosslyvisible hematuria, mild-to-moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and
hypertension (classic presentation of acute post-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis)

Answer 13

Nephritic syndrome

Question 14

oliguria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia. May
result from glomerular injury or acute tubular necrosis

Answer 14

Acute renal failure

Question 15

prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia – the end
result of all renal disease

Answer 15

Chronic renal failure

Question 16

– bacteriuria and pyuria –
symptomatic or asymptomatic - kidney (pyelonephritis)
or bladder (cystitis)

Answer 16

urinary tract infections

Question 17

kidney stones - colic, hematuria

Answer 17

nephrolithiasis

Question 18

A non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of
protein from the blood into the urine.
severe edema

Answer 18

nephrotic syndrome

Question 19

A non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the
blood into the urine.

hematuria
hypertension

Answer 19

nephritic

Question 20

an immune mediated disease of the renal glomeruli
-treated with steroids

Answer 20

glomerulonephritis

Question 21

• an infection of the kidney (not the glomerulus) usually
  caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin
  -treated with antibiotics

Answer 21

pyelonephritis

Question 22

pathway of renal infection (pyelonephritis)

Answer 22

Hematogenous dissemination – least common

Ascending infection – most common

Fecal bacteria from perineal area

Culture and sensitivity – Bactrim

Pyelonephritis is much more common than
glomerulonephritis

Question 23

-Common
-May cause obstruction
Pain
-Ascending infection
-Hematuria
-Pyuria
-Lithotripsy
-May be associated with hypercalcemia (for example,
hyperparathyroidism, multiple myeloma)

Answer 23

kidney stones (nephrolithiasis urolithiasis

Question 24

simple stones too large to pass through, ultrasound shock waves crush stones, smaller pieces pass out in body in urine

Answer 24

ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Question 25

-Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis -Increased myocardial oxygen demand -Ventricular remodeling -Heart failure -Increased risk for arrhythmias

Answer 25

cardiovascular system

Question 26

-Atherosclerosis -Aortic dissection -Abdominal aortic aneurysm -Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 26

peripheral vascular system

Question 27

-Hypertensive nephrosclerosis -End-stage renal disease

Answer 27

renal system

Question 28

-Hemorrhagic CVA -Thromboembolic CVA

Answer 28

CNS

Question 29

-Retinal infarction -Hypertensive retinopathy -Blindness

Answer 29

visual system

Question 30

-Affects arterioles -Thickened walls reduce lumen diameter causing ischemic injury -*Hyaline arteriolosclerosis Benign hypertension Diabetes mellitus -*Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis Malignant hypertension

Answer 30

arteriosclerosis

Question 31

anterio-venous fistula

Answer 31

dialysis shunt

Question 32

-Arises from renal tubular epithelium -Often silent -May grow into renal vein

Answer 32

renal cell carcinoma

Question 33

-Children under 5 years -Abdominal mass -Chronic low-grade fever -Histopathology consists of several cell types, some of which resemble abortive glomeruli and others that resemble skeletal muscle -Better than 90% 5-year survival

Answer 33

wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma)

Question 34

-Arises from the urinary tract lining epithelium (transitional epithelium) -Bladder most common site -Painless hematuria -Cigarette smoking, industrial solvents (betanaphthlylamine), chronic cystitis, schistosomiasis, drugs (cyclophosphamide) -Clinical significance depends on histologic grade, differentiation and depth of invasion

Answer 34

urothelial carcinoma

Question 35

3 major diseases of prostate

Answer 35

1. prostatitis 2. benign prostatic hyperplasia 3. adenocarcinoma of prostate

Question 36

-Protein present in the serum at low levels (nl: < 4 ng/mL) -Increased levels may suggest the presence of prostate cancer -Elevated in prostatitis -Velocity of change significant

Answer 36

prostate-specific antigen- PSA

Question 37

Physiologic functions Liquefy semen, allowing sperm to swim freely Dissolution of cervical mucous cap

Answer 37

prostate-specific antigen PSA

Question 38

Acute bacterial disease treated with antibiotics

Answer 38

prostatitis

Question 39

Obstruction to flow Urinary frequency Ascending infections Rule-out neoplasia Pharmacologic treatment Surgical treatment (TURP)

Answer 39

nodular (benign) prostatic hyperplasia BPH

Question 40

70% of men develop prostate cancer by 70-80 years of age Digital prostate examination Biopsy – multiple cores Wide variation in clinical behavior Gleason grading

Answer 40

adenocarcinoma of prostate

Question 41

undescended testes

Answer 41

cryptorchidism

Question 42

germ cell tumor (malignant)

Answer 42

seminoma

Question 43

tuberculosis, mumps, syphilis, gonorrhea

Answer 43

infections

Question 44

-Absence of one or both testes in the scrotum -Failure of testis to descend from an abdominal position through the inguinal canal into the scrotum (“undescended” testes) -Infertility -Increased risk for neoplasia -Orchiopexy

Answer 44

cryptochidism

Question 45

Most common germ cell tumor of testis Young adults (15-34 years) Surgery plus radiation therapy and chemotherapy One of the most treatable and curable cancers Over 95% long-term survival in early stages

Answer 45

seminoma

Question 46

Complications rare in the young and more common in older individuals

Answer 46

infectious parotitis

Question 47

-Developmental defect of the urethra in the male -Abnormally placed urethral meatus -Urethral meatus opens on the glans penis most commonly (first degree hypospadias)

Answer 47

hypospadias

Question 48

Foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the penis

Answer 48

phimosis

Question 49

-Erect penis or clitoris does not return to its flaccid state, despite the absence of both physical and psychological stimulation, within four hours -medical emergency -hematologic diseases (sickle cell disease or leukemia) -trauma

Answer 49

priapism