lecture 2 - pharmacodynamics

Question 1

enzymes

Answer 1

biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in cells

Question 2

competitive inhibition

Answer 2

drug compete with the natural substrate for enzyme’s active site

Question 3

non-competitive inhibition

Answer 3

drug binds to site other than the active site

Question 4

carrier molecules

Answer 4

specialised proteins that facilitate passage of substances across cell membrane that would not be able to pass

Question 5

ion channels

Answer 5

proteins in cell membrane that control the flow of ions within cells

Question 6

receptors

Answer 6

specialised proteins that respond to chemical message to change the function in the cell

Question 6

what are the four types of receptors

Answer 6

ligand gated ion channel, g protein coupled receptors, nuclear receptors

Question 7

what are two factors that affect the responsiveness of receptors

Answer 7

Tachyphylaxis and Desensitisation

Question 8

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 8

rapid and short term loss of response due to a drug that can occur quickly within initial administration

Question 9

Desensitisation

Answer 9

more gradual and longer lasting decrease in receptor responsive following prolonged or repeated exposure to drug or endogenous ligand

Question 10

receptor agonists

Answer 10

functional response initially governed by the affinity of the drug for the receptor

Question 11

full agonist receptor

Answer 11

drugs that bind to a receptor and activate it to produce the same response as the endogenous ligand

Question 12

partial agonist receptor

Answer 12

bind to and activate a receptor however, it is unable to elicit the same maximal response as the endogenous ligand for that receptor, even when fully occupied

Question 13

receptor antagonists

Answer 13

drugs that bind to a receptor, but don’t elicit a response

Question 14

reverse competitive antagonist

Answer 14

interfere with the binding of endogenous agonist at the active binding site

Question 15

irreversible competitive antagonist

Answer 15

receptor permanently available for activation by the endogenous agonist

Question 16

non competitive agonist

Answer 16

block receptor activation either by binding to a site other than agonist active site OR blocking agonist response at some point within the cascade of intracellular events

Question 17

dose - response curve

Answer 17

graphical representation of the relationship between the dosage or a drug given and amount of effect it produces

Question 18

potency

Answer 18

measure of how much a drug is required to have an effect

Question 19

efficacy

Answer 19

measure of how big an effect the drug will have

Question 20

describe the ways that medications work?

Answer 20

1. mouth to stomach, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream, and then distributed around the body
2. the drug moves until it finds its target
3. the drug causes an effect to the body
4. the body breaks down the drug and it is excreted

Question 21

what are the desired effects when medications are taken

Answer 21

therapeutic effects, drug indication, and contraindication

Question 22

what are the undesired effects when taking medications

Answer 22

side effects, adverse effects, and toxic effects

Question 23

simple chemical action

Answer 23

the drug chemically react with a substance to cause an effect

Question 24

simple physical action

Answer 24

substances physically act to create an effect without altering biochemical processes

Question 25

potency

Answer 25

relationship between drug dose and magnitude of effect

Question 26

selectivity

Answer 26

drug's preference for binding to a specific type of receptor

Question 27

specificity

Answer 27

how many different biological effects a drug may have

Question 28

what does the slope mean on a dose-response curve

Answer 28

how small or large a change in dose is required to observe increased effects

Question 29

what does the plateau represent in a dose - response curve

Answer 29

dose for which maximal effect is achieved

Question 30

what is represented by a change in the y axis of a dose - response graph

Answer 30

efficacy

Question 31

what is represented by a change in the x axis of a dose - response graph

Answer 31

potency