Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

EK MCAT: Psychology and Sociology > Lecture # 2 Relationships and Behavior > Flashcards

Lecture # 2 Relationships and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral Learning

A

The process of determining what behaviors are culturally appropriate and how behaviors result in specific consequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Associative learning or conditioning

A

Associations between certain stimuli and specific responses the big two are Classical and Operant conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A test subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicited that response. (Ivan Pavlov)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Response

A

Innate response that occurs to a stimulus that has not been conditioned or learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

A stimulus that elicits no response initially, but we want this to be the stimulus that is conditioned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response

A

Previously the neutral stimulus, associated with and unconditional stimulus, elicits a learned response (conditioned), which is similar to the unconditioned response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acquisition

A

The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Extinction

A

The disappearance of the conditioned response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

The learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a type of associative learning in which an individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a certain behavior based on its consequences. (B.F. Skinner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reinforcement

A

(O.C) A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Punishment

A

(O.C) A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Positive (O.C)

A

The administration of a reinforcing or punishing stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Negative (O.C)

A

The removal of a stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primary Punisher/reinforcers

A

The consequences that relate to a physiological needs and drives for survival. They do not require learning to increase the likelihood of a response. (Delivery of food or exposure to extreme temperatures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Secondary Punisher/reinforcers

A

The consequences that do not relate to a physiological need. The do require learning to increase the likelihood of a response ( money, cell phones, cars, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Learned behaviors allow an organism to escape unpleasant stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

A learned behavior allows an organism to escape an unpleasant stimulus all together by employing a stimulus with a specific response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

Schedule that describes how often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

Rewards to a response are provided after a specified time interval has passed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Variable-interval schedule
Rewards to a response are provided after an unpredictable time interval has passed.
26
Which type of reinforcement more quickly establishes a response?
Continuous reinforcement - rewards following desired behavior
27
Which type of reinforcement is more resistant to extinction?
partial reinforcement - rewards following some of the desired behavior
28
Shaping
guides behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behavior.
29
Innate behavior
Behaviors that are developmentally fixed. They are heavily influenced by physiology and genetic inheritance, and it is incredibly difficult to change by learning.
30
Modeling
connected with observational learning - the witnessing of another person's actions, retaining information on that person's behavior, and later re-enacting what was learned through that observation in one's own behavior.
31
Mirror Neurons
Aid in learning by seeing. Specialized neurons that fire both when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action
32
Vicarious emotions
feeling the emotions of others as though they are one's own- in order to learn from the successes and mistakes of others through observation.
33
Behavior
The sum of coordinated responses of an organism in response to internal and external stimuli.
34
Nonverbal communication
All communication that does not involve words (body language, touch, appearance, and facial expressions)
35
Social behavior
broadly defined as all interactions taking place between members of the same species.
36
Attraction
Factors that draw members of a species together
37
Aggression
Conflict and competition between individuals
38
Attachment
Forming connections
39
Foraging behavior
The set of behaviors through which animals obtain food.
40
Mating Behavior
The behavior surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction
41
Altruism
Consists of behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of it social groups
42
Inclusive Fitness
Describes overall fitness (an individuals level of success at passing on its genes) by considering not only the individual's own progeny, but also the offspring of its close relatives.
43
Game Theory
The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account.
44
Organization
A group of people joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose.
45
Role
Expected behavior of an individual in a specific situation.
46
Self-Presentation
How an individual is perceived
47
Impression management
The process of consciously making behavioral choices in order to created a specific impression in the minds of other
48
Dramaturgical approach
States that the self is not a fixed, unchangeable entity, but rather can be formed and reformed through interactions with others.
49
The Front Stage Self
The behavior that an individual performs in front of an audience
50
Back Stage self
The behavior an individual performs when not in front of an audience.
51
Groupthink
A phenomenon where a group's members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony; can be dangerous, because people self-censor ideas, and exclude other possibilities.
52
Group Polarization
Through interactions and discussions of the group, the attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members.
53
Peer Pressure
The social influence exerted by one's peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behaviors.
54
Social Facilitation
The tendency to perform better when a person knows that they are being watched.
55
Diffusion of responsibility
Where people in large, anonymous crowds are less likely to feel accountable for the outcome of a situation or to feel responsible to take action.
56
Bystander effect
Onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who is in trouble because they assume that someone else will help
57
Social Loafing
Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work with the intention of letting other group members work harder.
58
Deindividualization
The occurrence of people losing awareness of their individuality and instead immerse themselves in the mood or activities of a crowd.
59
Socialization
The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture.
60
Social Norms
Community rules that members are expected to follow
61
Agents of socialization
The groups of people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. (Family, Friends, Neighbors, or social institutions.)
62
Conformity
The tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, and behaviors to align with group norms.
63
Obedience
Describes behavioral changes made in response to a command by an authority figure, in contrast to conformity, which involves the influence of one's peers and culture.
64
Deviance
Behavior that violates social expectations.
65
Stigma
a negative social label that changes a person's social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted in some respect.
66
Assimilation
The process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture.
67
Subculture
A culture that is shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture, but have specific cultural attributes that set them apart from the larger group.
68
Multiculturalism
The practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture. (Goal is for harmonious co-existence)
69
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards.
70
Cultural relativism
The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards.
71
In-group
A group with which an individual shares identity and toward which he or she feels loyalty.
72
Out-group
A group with which an individual does not share identity, and towards which he or she has feelings of competition or hostility.
73
Prejudice
Strict generalizations about other groups or categories of people.
74
Schemas
Organizing patterns of thought that are used to categorize and interpret information, this shaping individual attitudes and perspectives.
75
Stereotype
A concept about a group or category of people that includes the belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics.
76
Stereotype Threat
The anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with a negative stereotype about a group to which he belongs or when he or she feels that their performance may confirms a negative stereotype about his or her group.
77
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Stress and lowered expectations accompanying stereotypes contribute to making stereotypical beliefs into reality.
78
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of others based on their membership in specific social group.
79
Institutional discrimination
Discrimination that occurs on the level of social institutions when they employ policies that differentiate people based on social grouping.

EK MCAT: Psychology and Sociology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions