Lecture 2 - The Microbial World Importance

Question 1

life forms too small to be seen by the human eye

Answer 1

Microorganisms

Question 2

Microorganisms are diverse in ___

Answer 2

form/function

Question 3

Microorganisms __ every environment that supports life

Answer 3

inhabit

Question 4

Microorganisms live in __ __

Answer 4

microbial communities

Question 5

Microorganisms are the __ __ of life

Answer 5

oldest form

Question 6

MIcroorganisms make up __ __ of Earth’s __

Answer 6

• major fraction
• biomass

Question 7

living compartment that interacts with the enviornment and others

Answer 7

cell

Question 8

barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

Answer 8

cytoplasmic (cell/plasma) membrane

Question 9

matrix of macromolecules, small organics, ions, and ribosomes inside cell, with water as the major component

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

protein-synthesizing structures

Answer 10

ribosomes

Question 11

prokaryotes have no ____ compartments (__), and no __

Answer 11

• membrane-enclosed (organelle)
• nucleus

Question 12

In Prokaryotic Cells:
DNA is not enclosed with __ __

Answer 12

nuclear membrane

Question 13

In Prokaryotic Cells:
a __ __ chromosome

Answer 13

singular circular

Question 14

In Prokaryotic Cells:
__ associated with __ proteins

Answer 14

• not
• histone

Question 15

In Prokaryotic Cells:
cell walls usully contain __, a complex polyssacharide, or __ or __

Answer 15

• peptidoglycan
• psuedopeptidoglycan
• S-layer

Question 16

In Prokaryotic Cells:
divide by __ __

Answer 16

binary fission

Question 17

In Eukaryotic Cells:
DNA is enclosed with a __ __

Answer 17

nuclear membrane

Question 18

In Eukaryotic Cells:
__ __ chromosomes

Answer 18

several linear

Question 19

In Eukaryotic Cells:
Associated with __ and other proteins

Answer 19

histones

Question 20

In Eukaryotic Cells:
Divide by __

Answer 20

mitosis

Question 21

a cell’s full completement of genes

Answer 21

genome

Question 22

confer special properties in prokaryotes

Answer 22

plasmids

Question 23

What are the properties of microbial cells

Answer 23

1. metabolism
2. growth
3. evolution
4. differentiation
5. communication
6. genetic exchange
7. motility

Question 24

cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes

Answer 24

metabolism

Question 25

replication, transcription, translation

Answer 25

genetic

Question 26

genetic

Answer 26

replication, transcription, translation

Question 27

energy, biosyntheses

Answer 27

catalytic

Question 28

nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells

Answer 28

growth

Question 29

cells evolve to display new properties

Answer 29

evolution

Question 30

capture evolutionory relationships

Answer 30

phylogenetic trees

Question 31

some cells can from new cell structures such as a spore

Answer 31

differentiation

Question 32

- have thick walls - can resist high temperatures, humidity, and other environmental conditions

Answer 32

Spores

Question 33

cells interact with each other by chemical messengers

Answer 33

communication

Question 34

cells can exchange genes by several mechnisms

Answer 34

genetic exchange

Question 35

some cells are capable of self-propulsion

Answer 35

motility

Question 36

earth is __ __ years old

Answer 36

4.6 billion

Question 37

first cells appeared between __ and __ __ years ago

Answer 37

3.8 and 4.3 billion

Question 38

no O2

Answer 38

anoxic

Question 39

When did the first anoxygenic phototrophs appear

Answer 39

Approx. 3.6 billion years ago

Question 40

plants and animals appeared approx. __ __ years ago

Answer 40

0.5 billion

Question 41

at its origin, earth was __

Answer 41

sterile

Question 42

began the slow oxygenation of earth

Answer 42

cyanobacteria

Question 43

cyanobacteria appeared about __ __ years ago

Answer 43

3 billion

Question 44

current levels of O2 in the atmosphere were not achieved until ____ __ years ago

Answer 44

500-800 million

Question 45

three domains of cellular organisms

Answer 45

1. bacteria 2. archaea 3. eukarya

Question 46

__ and __ diverged long before eukaryotic cells appear in fossil record

Answer 46

- Archaea - Eukarya

Question 47

live in habitats too harsh for other life forms

Answer 47

extremophiles

Question 48

refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

Answer 48

ecosystem

Question 49

study of microbes in their natural environment

Answer 49

microbial ecology

Question 50

Contribution of microbial cells to global biomass: Carbon

Answer 50

20% microbial 80% plant

Question 51

major cellular sources using carbon

Answer 51

- plant cell walls - protein - RNA - DNA - membranes - peptidoglycan

Question 52

Contribution of microbial cells to global biomass: Nitrogen

Answer 52

80% microbial 20% plant

Question 53

major cellular sources using nitrogen

Answer 53

- protein - RNA - DNA - peptidoglycan

Question 54

Contribution of microbial cells to global biomass: Phosphorus

Answer 54

80% microbial 20% plant

Question 55

major cellular sources using phosphorus

Answer 55

- RNA - DNA - membranes

Question 56

Extreme high temperature

Answer 56

Hyperthermophile

Question 57

Extreme low temperature

Answer 57

Psychrophile

Question 58

Extreme low pH

Answer 58

Acidophile

Question 59

Extreme high pH

Answer 59

Alkaliphile

Question 60

Extreme pressure

Answer 60

Barophile (piezophile)

Question 61

Extreme Salt (NaCl)

Answer 61

Halophile

Question 62

process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring

Answer 62

horizontal gene transfer

Question 63

What are three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 63

- transformation - transduction - conjugation