Lecture 20 Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
In many herbaceous perennial plants, modified stems serve as a protected ___ ___.
A
food reserve
2
Q
Aboveground / horizontal stems that produce buds and roots at the nodes = ___ or ___.
A
stolons, runners
3
Q
Stolons, or runners, are ___ and ___ modified stems.
A
aboveground, horizontal
4
Q
Strawberries produce ___, or ___, as their modified stems.
A
stolons, runners
5
Q
Underground / horizontal stems = ___.
A
rhizomes
6
Q
Rhizomes are ___ and ___ modified stems.
A
underground, horizontal
7
Q
Ginger plants produce ___ as their modified stems.
A
rhizomes
8
Q
___ are the enlarged storage tips of a ___.
A
Tubers, rhizome
9
Q
Short vertical stem with thick leaves = ___.
A
bulb
10
Q
Short vertical stem with dry, papery leaves = ___.
A
corm
11
Q
Corms are short ___ stems with ___, ___ leaves.
A
vertical, dry, papery
12
Q
Bulbs are short ___ stems with ___ leaves.
A
vertical, thick
13
Q
Onions and tulips are examples of ___.
A
bulbs
14
Q
Taro is an example of a ___.
A
corm
15
Q
Bulbs store food in the ___, while corms store food in the ___.
A
leaves, stem
16
Q
Unlike other starchy staples, bananas are ___ ___, even though modern cultivars are ___.
A
true fruits, seedless
17
Q
Modified fibrous roots that become fleshy = ___ roots.
A
tuberous
18
Q
Food-storing organs for biennials = ___ roots.
A
tap
19
Q
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), and cassava are all considered to be ___ ___.
A
starchy staples
20
Q
Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) and cassava are examples of ___ ___.
A
tuberous roots
21
Q
Carrots, rutabagas, and turnips are examples of ___ ___.
A
tap roots
22
Q
The white potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a member of the family ___, or the ___ family.
A
Solanaceae, nightshade
23
Q
___, ___, ___, and ___ ___ are all members of the Solanaceae / nightshade family.
A
tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, white potatoes
24
Q
The white potato (Solanum tuberosum) originated high in the ___ Mountains, was introduced to Europe in the mid-late __00s, and by the 1700s, people in Ireland were eating ___-___ lbs of potatoes each day, leading to a population explosion.
A
Andes, 15, 8-12
25
In the mid-late 1840s, the most lethal pathogen of the potato - ___ ___ - which causes the disease ___ ___ ___ ___ - struck Ireland.
Phytophthora infestans, late blight of potato
26
Phytophthora infestans is a ___ that attacks and destroys a potato's leaves and stems, stopping tuber growth. Tubers rot in the ground or even later in storage. In cool wet weather, it can kill a plant within a week.
fungus
27
Late blight disease first appeared in Europe in ___, probably accidentally carried with new varieties of potato from C. or S. America. It caused ___-___% crop losses. Over ___ ___ people died and ___ ___ emigrated. It led to a ___% population decline in Ireland.
1844, 75-80, one million, 1.5 million, 30
28
During the potato famine, people were encouraged to extract ___ from the blighted potatoes for soup.
The ___ from the fungus caused miscarriages and birth defects, as well as stunted intelligence in children.
starch, alkaloid
29
Although native to the Americas, the white potato (Solanum tuberosum) was introduced to N. America through European colonizers, anywhere from the early __00s to the early __00s.
16, 17
30
The word "potato" stems from the Arawak Indian word "batata," which actually refers to the ___ ___.
sweet potato
31
About one-third of the US potato harvest is ___ ___, while one-half is ___ to make other products.
consumed fresh, processed
32
The white potato = ___ ___.
Solanum tuberosum
33
Solanum is a large genus with over ___ species and almost ___ cultivars. In the US, there are over ___ varieties that account for about ___% of the potato harvest.
2000, 6000, 50, 85
34
The potato plant is a ___ ___ ___ with large, ___ ___ leaves. It grows best in ___ climates.
It produces 2 types of stems: ordinary stems with leaves and underground ___that end in ___ (which, anatomically, are modified ___ stems).
bushy herbaceous annual, pinnately compound, cool, rhizomes, tubers, dicot
35
Potatoes are cultivated by "seed potatoes" - small pieces with at least 1 ___. It produces genetically ___ plants, thus maintaining desired cultivar traits. Seed potatoes are produced by specialist farmers.
eye, identical
36
Asexual reproduction is ___ and produces plants with known desired qualities, but it also generates the same susceptibilities. Most of the potatoes in Ireland were genetically ___.
faster, identical
37
Potatoes are rich in ___ (they're about ___% of their fresh weight). ___ cells within the ___ are filled with starch grains. They're low in ___ but those that are present are good quality. They're fat-free, with no ___. Their ___ are good sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
carbs, 25%, Parenchyma, pith, proteins, cholesterol, periderms
38
___ ___ once again poses a major threat to the cultivation of both potatoes and ___. Fungicides develop(ed); new strains of fungus evolve(d) to match them.
Late blight, tomatoes
39
The sweet potato, or ___ ___, is a ___ ___ that is part of the ___ ___ family. It is propagated vegetatively from "___." It requires a long warm growing season, and is susceptible to ___ injury.
Ipomoea batatas, storage root, morning glory, slips, chilling
40
___ introduced sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) to Spain/Europe, about ___ years earlier than the white potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is widely grown in ___ countries.
Columbus, 50, Mediterranean
41
___ ___ (Ipomoea batatas) are native to tropical S. America, and were cultivated for thousands of years in ___. They are a staple crop in C. America and tropical S. America. They are also cultivated in several Pacific islands and in New Zealand.
Sweet potatoes, Peru
42
Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) are rich in ___, as well as in certain minerals and vitamins. They are especially good for Vitamins ___ and ___. They have about ___% more calories than white potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) but slightly less ___.
carbs, A, C, 50, protein
43
Cassava, or Manihot esculenta, is a ___ ___, and a member of the ___ family (Euphorbiaceae). It is also called manioc, ___, or yuca. It is a vital food for millions in the tropics, and ranks fourth as a source of calories for humans in tropical countries. ___ ___ is the only familiar cassava product in the US.
tuberous root, spurge, tapioca, Tapioca pudding
44
___ is from S. America, probably Brazil, maybe independently domesticated in C. America. It was a well-established crop in the Americas' tropics long before Europeans arrived.
Cassava
45
Leading producers of cassava today:
Africa (the ___ introduced it to West Africa in the ___00s)
Asia (especially ___ and ___)
S. America (especially ___)
Portuguese, 15, Thailand, Indonesia, Brazil
46
The cassava plant is a tall ___ with numerous ___ ___ that are similar in appearance to sweet potatoes, but usually much ___.
shrub, tuberous roots, larger
47
Cassava are propagated by ___ ___; none of the ___ is used. They can also be cultivated from the seed, which can lead to new genetic ___. Roots are harvested from ___ months to ___ years.
stem cuttings, root, variety, 8, 2
48
Cassava is tolerant to a wide range of moisture and soil conditions, from hot lowlands to cool highlands. However, it needs ___-___ soils to prevent ___ ___.
It can tolerate extended dry periods of up to ___ months, and is resistant to many insects and fungal pathogens.
well-drained, root rot, 6
49
Once cassava is harvested, its roots are subject to rapid decay, and must be dried or processed within ___ hours.
Whether a variety is sweet or bitter is based on its concentration of poisonous ___ ___ (HCN). If not removed, this toxin can cause death by ___ ___.
The HCN is liberated by the action of ___ upon ___ ___ present in cassava.
24, hydrocanic acid, cyanide poisoning, enzymes, cyanogenic glycosides
50
Sweet varieties of cassava with low levels of ___ ___ (HCN) can be eaten with little preparation: ___, boiling/steaming/frying.
Bitter varieties must undergo extensive preparation to be detoxified before eating. Traditional methods of treating peeled bitter roots vary.
hydrocanic acid, peeling
51
In S. America, the traditional preparation of Cassava produces a meal called ___. Peeled roots are ___ and ___ through a ___ (long cylindrical woven basket). One end of this container is tied to a tree; the other is tied to a pole that stretches it and thus expresses juice from the grated pulp.
farinha, grated, squeezed, tipiti
52
Grated cassava ___ can be used to prepare a flat ___.
meal, bread
53
___ is cassava's main nutrient - approximately ___% of its fresh weight. It's very low in ___ (1% or less) and exclusive reliance on it can result in ___.
Starch, 30, protein, kwashiorkor
54
___ can be used for animal feed, commercial starch production, food, textiles, paper, pharmaceuticals, tapioca pudding...
Cassava
55
___ ___ are partly gelatinized cassava starch made by heating moist cassava flour in shallow pans.
Tapioca pearls
56
True yams are a ___ ___, and are important staples in many areas. The genus has several ___ species, of which ___ are major food sources. They've been cultivated for over ___ years in tropical ___. Their tubers can get to over ___ ___. They can be prepared similarly to ___, and are mostly made up of ___, with about 2% ___. Medically, they're an important source of ___, a type of ___ used to make human sex hormones and ___.
tuber crop, hundred, ten, 5000, Africa, 80 lbs, potatoes, starch, protein, sapogenins, steroid, cortisones
57
Taro is a type of ___ (___storage stem). It is a member of the Araceae or ___ family. ___, the traditional dish of the native Hawai'ians is prepared from taro. They are mostly ___, 2% ___, and very little ___.
corm, underground, arum, Poi, carbs, protein, fat
