Lecture 21 Flashcards
(34 cards)
Caffeine is an ___ that is used as a stimulant.
alkaloid
An ___ is a secondary plant product, and a chemical ___ containing basic ___ atoms. It has physiological and/or psychological effects on the nervous system. Examples include caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, morphine, methamphetamine, mescaline…
alkaloid, compound, nitrogen
Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and ___. It ___ blood pressure, ___ blood vessels, and increases the heartbeat.
respiration, increases, constricts
There are medical benefits to ___. Moderate consumption (___/day) can enhance the pain-relieving effects of aspirin and acetaminophen, among others. It can protect against ___ ___, ___ of the liver, heart disease, and it can reduce ___.
caffeine, 400mg, Parkinson’s disease, cirrhosis, depression
Coffee, or ___ ___, is native to ___. Its seeds occur in coffee berries (___). The fruit pulp is ___ to free the seeds, and then roasting and grinding bring out ___ ___.
Coffea arabica, Ethiopia, cherries, fermented, essential oils
Coffee was originally an Arabian drink used by ___, from around the ___00s. In ___, a Venetian trader introduced it to Europe, and by ___00s, there were coffee houses there, but by the end of the century, they mostly disappeared.
worshippers, 12, 1615, 17
In the ___ in America, there was a resurgence of coffee houses.
There have been coffee houses in ___ for the last 30 years.
1960s, Japan
___ and ___ are the world’s leading producers of coffee.
Brazil, Vietnam
Coffee trees take ___-___ years to bear fruit. When they do, they give ___-___ kg of berries per year for up to ___ years.
3-5, 2-3, 35
The coffee trade is only second to the oil trade - $___ billion per year, with ___ million farmers in over ___ countries.
19, 25, 50
Tea was invented by Emperor ___ ___ in 2737 BCE. ___ billion cups are consumed each day.
Shen Nung, 3
Tea is native to ___, India, China, and Burma. It’s still largely grown here. Caffeine, essential oils, ___, and ___ contribute to its flavors and stimulating properties.
Tibet, theanine, tannins
Tea is made with the ___ leaves of a small tree, ___ ___ from the family Theaceae.
tip, Camellia sinensis
___ tea is fermented, ___ tea is not, ___ is semi.
Black, green, oolong
Green tea can reduce the risk of ___ and ___ cancer. Black tea can lower ___ ___ levels.
Tea can boost immunity; ___ in tea (or ___) are powerful antioxidants that prevent ___ ___ damage.
breast, prostate, LDL cholesterol, polyphenols, tannins, free radical
___ discourage herbivores from eating leaves. They also work as stains, dye, inks, and tanning agents for leather; thus, they can stain teapots and the teeth of habitual tea-drinkers.
Tannins
Tea was introduced to Europe early in the ___00s, about the same time as coffee. It quickly became important.
16
In 1904, the ___ was invented by a New York tea importer named Thomas Sullivan.
teabag
The cacao tree, or ___ ___, is native to C. and S. America. The ___ ___ and ___ lead the world in cacao bean production.
Theobroma cacao, Ivory Coast, Brazil
___ was a bitter ___ ___ beverage made from roasted and coarsely ground cacao beans, with added spices, chili pepper, and ___ beans. Boiling water was added and the mixture was whipped until foamy. It might have been like mole sauce today.
Chocolatl, Central American, vanilla
In 1502, Columbus saw that natives of the ___ islands used ___ ___ as money and for a spicy beverage.
Caribbean, cacao beans
In 1828, a Dutch chemist developed a process to get rid of some of the ___, or cocoa butter, in cacao. In 1847, an English company added ___ ___ and sugar to ground cacao beans to make chocolate.
fat, cocoa butter
Cacao grows in football-shaped pods that form directly on the main trunk of the ___ ___ tree. Inside the fruit are ___-___ seeds (or beans) surrounded by a white, sweet, sticky ___.
Theobroma cacao, 20-40, pulp
When cacao pods are ripe, the pulpy seeds are removed and allowed to ___, during which time the chocolate taste and aroma develop. The beans are ___ and shipped to processing centers to be ___.
ferment, dried, roasted
