Lecture 20 - Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
Methods Which Could be Used to Test for Herpes Simplex Virus
A
- Cell Culture (with host cells provided)
- Fluorescent Antibody (FA) Test
- PCR
- Serological Test for Antibodies
2
Q
Chemotherapy
A
to treat a disease with chemicals that are taken into the body
3
Q
Antimicrobial Drugs
A
chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases
4
Q
First Step in Determining How to Treat a Disease
A
determine if the disease is infectious or noninfecious
5
Q
-cidal
A
to kill
6
Q
-static or -stasis
A
to stop/stand still
7
Q
Bacteriocidal Drugs
A
drugs that kill bacteria
8
Q
Bacteriostatic Drugs
A
drugs that halt/slow the growth of bacteria so that the immune system can do the rest
9
Q
synthetic drugs
A
drugs made in a lab
10
Q
antibiotics
A
antimicrobial drug derived from the natrual processes of bacteria or fungi to harm other microbes
11
Q
Where are streptomyces often found?
A
in soil
12
Q
Are streptomyces bacteria or fungi?
A
Bacteria
13
Q
Paul Erlich
A
- Coined the term “chemotherapy”
- Developed Salvarsan (the “magic bullet”) to treat Sypilis
14
Q
Salvarsan was a derivative of _____.
A
arsenic
15
Q
Gerhard Domagk
A
discovered Prontosil, a red dye and sulfa- derivative, to protect against staph and strep infections
16
Q
Class of Drugs Often Used to Treat UTI
A
Sulfa- medications
17
Q
Discovered Lysozyme
A
Alexander Flemming
18
Q
Discovered Penicillin
A
Alexander Flemming
19
Q
aplastic anemia
A
occurs when the body does not produce enough formed elements (platelets, RBC, WBC, etc)
20
Q
Theraputic Index
A
the ratio of the dose of a drug which is toxic in the body to the dose that is toxic to the microbe
21
Q
7 Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
A
- should be selectively toxic
- should not produce hypersensitivity reactions
- should be soluble in body-tissues
(fatsoluble) - should not be degraded or excreted from the body too quickly
- should have a long shelf-life
- use of the drug should not lead to resistant strains of the microbe
- should not elimate normal flora of the host
22
Q
1st Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
A
the drug should be selectively toxic
23
Q
2nd Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
A
the drug should not produce a hypersensitivity reaction
24
Q
Penicillin belongs to which group of antibiotics?
A
Beta Lactams
25
Two Divisions of Beta Lactams
Penicillins & Cephalosporins
26
3rd Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
Should be soluble in body tissues.
#Fat-Soluble
27
4th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
should not be degraded or excreted from the body too quickly
28
5th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
should have a long shelf-life
29
6th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
use of the drug should not lead to resistant strains of the microbe
30
7th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug
should not elimate normal flora of the host
31
excipients
inactive ingredients in a drug that help the active ingredients last longer
32
Can antibiotics treat viruses?
No
33
Broad Spectrum Drugs
antibiotics that are effective in treating a wide range of pathogens
34
Isoniazid is effective in treating ______.
Mycoplasma
35
Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
Bacteriostatic
36
Is clindamycin bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
Bacteriostatic
37
Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriostatic
38
Are penicillins bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriocidal
39
Is Isoniazid bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriocidal
40
Is metronidazole bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriocidal
41
Is rifampin bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriocidal
42
Is vancomycin bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriocidal
43
Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriocidal
44
Are quinolones bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
bacteriocidal
45
5 Ways Antimicrobial Drugs Work
1. inhibit peptidoglycan/cell-wall synthesis
2. inhibit protein synthesis
3. inhibit nucleic acid transcrption and replication
4. damage the plasma membrane
5. inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites
46
1st Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work
inhibit peptidoglycan/cell-wall synthesis
47
2nd Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work
inhibit protein synthesis
48
3rd Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work
inhibit nucleic acid transcrption and replication
49
4th Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work
damage the plasma membrane
50
5th Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work
inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites
51
3 Groups of Drugs Which Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis
- Beta-Lactams (Penicillins & Cephalosporins)
- Bacitracins
- Vancomysin
52
4 Types of Drugs Which Inhibit Protein Synthesis
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Streptomycin
53
Drug Which Causes Damage to the Plams Membrane of Bacteria
Polymyxin B
54
2 Types of Drugs Which Inhibit Synthesis of Essential Metabolites in Bacteria
Sulfanamides
Trimethroprim
55
2 Types of Drugs Which Inhibit Nucleic Acid Transcription and Replication
Quinolones
Rifampin
56
Are antimicrobial drugs which inhibit cell wall synthesis more effective against Gram-Postive or Gram-Negative bacteria?
More effective against Gram-Positive because they have a thick wall of peptidoglycan.
Less effective against Gram-Negative because of the outer membrane.
57
How do tetracyclines work?
Inhibits protein synthesis by preventing attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex
58
How does erythromycin work?
Inhbits protein synthesis by preventing movement of ribosome along the strand of mRNA
59
How does chloraphenicol work?
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S portion of ribosome and preventing formation of peptide bond
60
Why are antimicrobial drugs which inhibit protein synthesis effective against bacteria, but do not harm us?
bacteria have different sized ribosomes and ribosome subunits than we do
61
How do Quinolones work?
Inhibit DNA replication by targeting the enzymes Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV.
62
How does Rifampin work?
Inhibits Transcription of DNA into RNA by targeting the enzyme RNA Polymerase
63
How do Polymixins and Amphotericin B work?
they interfere with the cell membrane by binding to sterols and lodging themselves in the plasma membrane and disrupt the structure enough
64
Pseudomonas can be treated with
Amphotericin B
65
How do Sulfa- Drugs work?
Sulfa- Drugs inhibit the synthesis of folic acid, an essential metabolite by binding to the enzyme's active site so that PABA cannot.
66
Why is it hard to find effective antiviral drugs?
viruses require a host cell for replication and we do not want to take a drug that will damage our own cells
67
2 Drugs Used to Treat Influenza Virus
- Amantadine
- Neuraminadase Inhibitors (i.e. Oseltamivir AKA Tamiflu)
68
How does Amantadine work to treat influenza virus?
inhibits uncoating of the virus
69
How does Tamiflu work to treat influenza virus?
blocks the release of the virus from the host cell
70
Antiviral Drug Used to treat Herpes
Acyclovir
71
How doe Acyclovir work?
acyclovir is false nucleotide resembling guanine to sude down the synthesis of herpes
72
Drug used to treat viral hepatitis?
Alpha Interferon
73
Topical Cream Used to Treat Genital Wart and Some Skin Cancers
Imiquimod
74
How does Imiquimod Work?
stimulates the production of interferons
75
Drug Used to Treat HIV
Azidothymidine (AZT)
76
How does Azidothymidine work?
interferes with reverse transcriptase
77
Used to Treat Malaria
Chloroquine
78
3 Drugs Used to Treat Protozoans
Chloroquine
Metronidazole
Tinidazole
79
2 Drugs Used to Treat Tapeworms & Flukes
Praziquantel
Niclosamide
80
2 General Antihelminthic Drugs
- Mebendazole
- Albendazole
81
3 Methods to Test Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Kirby-Bauer Disk-Diffusion Method
- E Test (to test multiple concentrations of a drug)
- Broth Dilution Test with a Sub Culture
82
MIC
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
83
MBC
Minimum Bacteriocidal Concentration
84
7 Ways Microbes Become Resistant to Antimicrobials
- Blocking Entry of the Drug
- Inactivating Enzymes
- Pushing the Antibiotic Out
- Alteration of the Target Molecules
- Conjugation
- Mutation
- Mistakes in Replication
