Lecture 21 Flashcards
Lab Animal (50 cards)
1
Q
What is the Laboratory Animal Vet life?
5pt
A
- Clinical vets, University vets, specialized vets (post-approval, surgical)
- 25-75% administrative duties
- 50-75% clinical duties
- Variety of species depending on the institution (heavily rodents, zebrafish, birds, pigs)
- USask animal use: mice, rats, fish, pigs, chickens, cattle, dogs, Bison, cats, ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, wild birds
2
Q
What are the Roles of USask LAM Vets?
4pt
A
- Related to the species used here
- University Vet - mostly administrative (AUP, facility inspections, management, renovations, programmatic items)
- Clinical Vet – clinical medicine, animal assessments, surgery, anesthesia, training, AUP review
- Post-Approval Vet – post-approval activities (visit labs, training, competency assessments)
3
Q
What are the Training Opportunities in Lab Animal Medicine?
3pt
A
At USask:
* WCVM Lab animal club (Katie Timms current President)
* 4th year rotation
Elsewhere:
* Lab animal residency - Mostly in USA
4
Q
What are the organizations for lab animal regulations?
7pt
A
- Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
- American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)
- Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science (CALAS) (student membership)
- Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Medicine (CALAM) (student membership)
- American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)
- American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP)
- American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)
5
Q
How do you learn this field and species
2pt
(lab animal)
A
- Extrapolate veterinary medicine to unfamiliar species
- On the job training
6
Q
What are the Career Opportunities in lab animal medicine?
5pt
A
- Academia –Universities, Colleges
- Government –CFIA, PHAC, Health Canada, Environment Canada, DND, USDA, DoD, NIH
- Private biomedical companies
- CRO –contract research organization
- Private research-related organizations (3Rs, AALAS, educational research entity)
7
Q
Why is there such a big difference in total lab animal use between canada and the USA?
1pt
A
The difference in the numbers is because the USA did not count rats and mice in their total.
Canada: 3,692,479 total animals
USA: 797,546 total animals
8
Q
What was the most used animal at Usask?
A
- Chickens: 21,701 (23%)
- Mice: 18,913 (20%)
- Fish: 12,447 (13%)
- Cattle: 10,183 (10%)
- Turkeys: 6990 (7.5%)
- Zebrafish: 7106 (7.5%)
- Pigs: 3398 (3.6%)
- Rats: 1416 (1.5%)
- Dogs: 331 (0.35%)
9
Q
What types of research do you do with mice?
4pt
A
- pharmacology
- infectious disease
- human disease (cancer, diabetes, obesity)
- vaccines
10
Q
What types of research do you do with Rats?
5pt
A
- pharmacology
- neural
- wound healing
- cardiovascular
- behavioural
11
Q
What types of research do you do with Pigs?
8pt
A
- cardiovascular
- transplant
- wound healing
- skin
- surgical training
- swine production
- toxicology
- pharmacology
12
Q
What types of research do you do with Rabbits?
3pt
A
- skeletal
- antibody production
- cardiovascular
13
Q
What types of research do you do with Zebrafish?
3pt
A
- embryology
- genetic disease
- toxicology
14
Q
What types of research do you do with Chickens?
2pt
A
- chicken and avian diseases
- chicken production
15
Q
What types of research do you do with Cattle/Sheep?
3pt
A
- disease
- production
- orthopedics (sheep)
16
Q
What types of research do you do with Wildlife?
3pt
A
- ecology
- population dynamics
- toxicology
17
Q
What are specific pathogen free animals? give examples.
2pt, 4pt
A
- Animals bred to eliminate certain pathogens, reduces disease outbreaks, reduces zoonoses, increases research reliability and replicability
- Bred via C-section, dam-fostering
Examples
* fish: egg wash (bleach/iodine)
* Mice/rats – long list of wild rodent pathogens (hantavirus, helicobacter, sendai, mouse norovirus, etc)
* Rabbits – Pasteurella
* Zebrafish – mycobacteria, spring viremia of carp virus, ichthyophthirius (Ich)
18
Q
What is acclimation and why is it important?
4pt
A
- After animal arrival from supplier; time period to adjust to new environment
- Stress hormones (cortisol, etc) dramatically rise during transport can affect many physiological systems
- Typically 1 week acclimation to allow cortisol to return to normal
- Expose to routine handling and common procedures to familiarize the animals - Predictability reduces stress response and reduces pain perception, Classical and operant conditioning
19
Q
What is positive reinforcement training(PRT) ? give examples.
1pt, 6pt
A
Reduces stress on the animal for procedures
- Operant Conditioning
- Dog clicker training
- Train dogs to sit for blood collection
- Mice tunnel handling
- Rats clicker trained
- NHP trained to present limbs for blood collection
20
Q
What is environmental enrichment? give examples
1pt, 6pt
A
Modifications or additions that enhance the physical, mental, social stimulation
Examples
* climbing structures
* con-specifics
* food treats
* chew materials
* manipulaunda
* foraging/rooting opportunities
21
Q
Explain laboratory animal allergies.
6pt
A
- Allergic symptoms in workers exposed to allergenic proteins from lab animals
- Urine, dander, saliva, bedding, feed, mold, insects
- Sneezing, rhinitis, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, itching, dermatitis
- As high as 33% of workers
- If allergic to one allergen often later develop additional species LAA
- Especially to rodents and rabbits
22
Q
What is zoonoses in lab animals?
2pt
A
- Few zoonoses from SPF rodents and rabbits besides LAA and fecal bacterial exposure
- Fish: mycobacterial exposure - Especially if open sores/cuts on hands
23
Q
What type of PPE is used with lab animals?
5pt
A
Depends on facility
* Minimum – lab coat, gloves, pants, closed-toe shoes
* +/-mask, cap, gown
* CL2 –mask, cap, gown
* CL3 –PAPR, double gloves
* CL4 - SCBA
24
Q
What types of housing do lab rats/mice get?
9pt
A
- Ventilated caging vs. static caging
- Barrier facilities to prevent wild rodent disease transmission
- Often restrictions on home rodent ownership
- Controlled temperature, humidity, lighting
- Controlled access to animal facilities
- Clothing/PPE requirements
- Bedding
- Nesting material
- Environmental Enrichment
25
What are the Most common mouse strains used?
| 3pt
* C57Bl/6
* Balb/c
* Nude (look at tumors)
26
What are the Mouse handling/restraints used?
| 3pt
* Scruff, 2 finger and 3 finger techniques
* Use of tunnel/pvc pipe to transfer to cage or other box
* Can hold tail to prevent running away but do not lift or hold by the tail
27
What kind of injections do we use on mice?
| 6pt
* Subcutaneous - most common (anywhere in the scruff)
* Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
* Intraperitoneal - common (lower abdomen)
* Intravenous - common (tail vein)
* Intravenous - retro-orbital plexus – rare (needs scientific justification)
* Oral gavage (stomach tube)
28
How do we collect blood in mice?
| 5pt
* Small circulating volume between 1-1.5ml
* Typically collect 10-100ul per collection (0.01-0.1ml)
* Repeated collections need rest period to allow blood production and prevent anemia
Sites:
* tail vein, tail artery, saphenous vein, facial vein, jugular, cardiac (terminal only while under anesthesia)
* Retro-orbital plexus (rarely collected here and needs scientific justification)
29
What is mouse anesthesia?
| 4pt
* Isoflurane induction box and mask maintenance
* Injectable, IP or IV with top up as needed
* Reasons for anesthesia: surgery, imaging, blood collection, inoculation
* Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, reflexes
30
How do you examine a mouse?
| 2pt
Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, nesting, housing, social interactions, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine
Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, oral cavity, eyes, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin
31
What common conditions do mice have?
| 7pt
* Barbering
* C57Bl/6 ulcerative dermatitis
* Tail injury
* Fight wounds
* Congenital conditions (hydrocephalus, teeth malocclusion, runting, microphthlamia)
* Importance of body condition scoring
* Stereotypies - Barbering, Chewers, Backflips, Circling
32
What are the common methods fro euthanizing a mouse?
| 7pt
* Isoflurane
* Cervical dislocation
* Decapitation
* CO2
* Exsanguination
* Anesthetic overdose
* Pentobarbital IV or IP (buffered vs lidocaine)
33
What are rat lab animals like?
| 1pt
Similar to mice
34
What are the Most common research strains of rats?
| 3pt
* Sprague Dawley
* Wistar
* Long Evans
35
How do you handling/restraint a rat?
| 6pt
* Scruff rarely used
* Prefer full body hold, circle grip or V hold
* Towel wrap for aggressive or squirmy rats
* Can be acclimated to human interaction and touch very easily - tickling
* Can use of tunnel/pvc pipe to transfer to cage or other box
* Can hold tail to prevent running away but NEVER lift or hold by the tail can cause tail sloughing
36
What type of Injections for Rats are used?
| 6pt
* Subcutaneous - most common (anywhere in the scruff or loose skin on back/sides)
* Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
* Intraperitoneal - common (lower abdomen)
* Intravenous - common (tail vein)
* Intravenous - retro-orbital plexus – rare (needs scientific justification)
* Oral gavage (stomach tube)
37
How do you collect blood in a rat?
| 5pt
* Small circulating blood volume between 7-10ml
* Typically collect 0.5-1ml per collection
* Repeated collections may need rest period to allow blood production and prevent anemia
Sites:
* tail vein, tail artery, jugular, saphenous vein, indwelling jugular catheter, cardiac (terminal only while under anesthesia)
* Retro-orbital plexus (rarely collected here and needs scientific justification)
38
What is rat anestesia like?
| 4pt
* Isoflurane induction box and mask maintenance
* Injectable, IP or IV with top up as needed
* Reasons for anesthesia: surgery, imaging, blood collection, inoculation
* Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, dopler, reflexes
39
How do you examine a rat?
| 3pt
Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, housing, social interactions, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine, porphyrin staining
Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, oral cavity, eyes, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin, tail
Grimace scoring
40
What are common conditions found in rats?
| 7pt
* Bumblefoot
* Obesity
* Ringtail
* Porphyrin staining
* Mammary tumour
* Importance of body condition scoring
* No mycoplasma due to SPF status
41
What are rabbit lab animal like?
| 3pt
Housing and husbandry
* Floor housed or cage housed
* Individual vs social housing
Environmental enrichment
Most common research breed New Zealand White
42
How do you restrain a rabbit?
| 4pt
* Arm holds
* Towels
* Bags
* Covering eyes
43
What injections are used on rabbits?
| 4pt
* Subcutaneous - common (scruff or back)
* Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
* Intravenous - common (marginal ear vein, cephalic vein)
* Intraperitoneal - rarely performed (lower abdomen)
44
How do you collect blood from a rabbit?
| 2pt
* Blood collection sites: marginal ear vein, ear artery, saphenous vein, cardiac (terminal only)
* Often collect 1-5ml per collection
45
how do you use anesthesia on a rabbit?
| 4pt
* Injectable and Inhalant
* Isoflurane and sevoflurane common +/- sedative given prior
* Full total injectable anesthesia rare, if so TIVA CRI via ear vein catheter
* Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, CO2, ECG, doppler, stethoscope, reflexes
46
How do you examine a rabbit?
| 3pt
Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, social interaction, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine production
Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, palpate jaw/legs/back oral cavity and teeth, eyes, ears, feet, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin, lung/heart auscultation, cecal auscultation
Grimace scoring
47
What are common conditions in rabbits?
| 6pt
* Research NZW SPF no Pasteurella, very few infectious disease related conditions
* Foot lesions – historical when wire-bottomed cages used
* Fight wounds
* Overgrown incisor and molars
* Broken back (not really common but discussed a lot)
* Anorexia - Especially after transport (arrival), post-surgical
48
What are zebrafish lab animals like?
| 6pt
* Most common fish in research
* Housing and husbandry, treated water tanks, flow through or recirculating
* Need to remove chloride, chloramines from tap water
* Can use reverse osmosis water or treated tap water
* Housing in tanks on racks, circulating vs flow through water
* Environmental enrichment
49
What things can you do on a zebrafish?
| 5pt
* Distance exam: Animal condition, movement, social interaction, scales, where in water column, breathing, body condition, skeletal condition
* Injections: intraperitoneal, exposure in tank water
* Blood collection: anesthetize, cardiac (terminal), caudal vein (midline just anterior to anus)
* Anesthesia: MS-222, metomidate immersion in water
* Monitoring: visual, short-term out of water vs longer term bubbling water and anesthetic over gills
50
What are common conditions found in zebrafish?
| 4pt
* Popeye
* Mycobacteriosis
* General ill-health
* Most often water quality related
