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ENV PHYS OF ANIMALS > Lecture 21: Reproduction III > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Reproduction III Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

timing

A
  • reproduction requires energy
  • young produced during peak food abundance
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2
Q

capital breeders

A

use endogenous resources (stored nutrients) to fuel reproduction

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3
Q

examples of capital breeding:

A

emperor penguins, baleen whales, some seals

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4
Q

income breeders

A

use exogenous resources (taking in new food materials) to fuel reproduction

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5
Q

examples of income breeders

A

some seals, bats, and some copepods

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6
Q

induced ovulators

A

ovulation occurs due to external stimulus, such as mating

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7
Q

examples of induced ovulators:

A
  • some carnivores, rodents, rabbits
  • dromadery, alpaga, shrew, rhino
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8
Q

spontaneous ovulation species

A

sow, cow, ewe, mouse, macaque, dog

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9
Q

signaling ovulation

A

???

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10
Q

concealed ovulation

A
  • promote male paternal care
  • confuse paternity
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11
Q

example of concealed ovulation:

A

hanuman langurs

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12
Q

delayed fertilization

A
  • sperm stored over winter hibernation
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13
Q

example of delayed fertilization

A

bats

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14
Q

delayed implantation

A
  • reproductive strategy where a fertilized egg pauses its development and remains in a dormant state, delaying implantation in the uterus until conditions are favorable for the embryo’s survival
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15
Q

examples of delayed implantation:

A

cats, rodents, seals, armadillos, bears

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16
Q

embryonic diapause

A

temporary, reversible pause in embryonic development, specifically at the blastocyst stage, allowing for delayed implantation and birth when conditions are optimal

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17
Q

example of embryonic diapause

A

kangaroo

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18
Q

sequences of reproductive events of monkey:
- ovulation
- copulation
- fertilization
- implantation
- gestation
- parturition
- lactation

A

concealed ovulation

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19
Q

sequences of reproductive events of lynx:
- copulation
- ovulation
- fertilization
- implantation
- gestation
- parturition
- lactation

A

induced ovulation

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20
Q

sequence of reproductive events of bat:
- copulation
- delay
- ovulation
- fertilization
- implantation
- gestation
- parturition
- lactation

A

sperm storage/delayed fertilization

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21
Q

sequence of reproductive events of bear:
- ovulation
- copulation
- fertilization
- delay
- implantation
- gestation
- parturition
- lactation

A

delayed implantation

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22
Q

sequence of reproductive events of kangaroo:
- ovulation
- copulation
- fertilization
- delay
- implantation
- gestation
- parturition
- lactation

A

embryonic diapause

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23
Q

FSH and LH

Study These Flashcards
A

come from pituitary gland, induce ovulation

24
Q

estrogen

Study These Flashcards
A

coming from developing follicle, leads to development of uterine wall

25
chorionic gonadotropin
comes from uterine wall, sends signal to corpus luteum that implantation has taken place
26
progesterone
produced by corpus luteum, often regarded as the "pregnancy hormone" (at 3 months gestation, the placenta takes over secretion of progesterone)
27
image from slides
hormonal fluctuation - LH and FSH spikes trigger ovulation - estrogen and progesterone levels fluctuate, influencing uterine lining ovarian changes - the follicle matures, leading to ovulation - after ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone - if fertilization occurs, Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG) maintains progesterone production uterine lining (endometrium) changes - menstrual phase: shedding uterine lining - proliferative phase: thickening of the lining due to estrogen - secretory phase: further development, supported by progesterone
28
sexual selection
- selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex
29
example of sexual selection
peacock
30
male signals
- tend to signal male quality (health, vigor) - energetically expensive (to serve as honest signal) - tradeoffs with high testosterone
31
"weapons"
- traits, often elaborate and diverse, that evolved through male-male competition for access to mates or resources that attract females
32
examples of "weapons"
horns, antlers, large body size, or aggressive behaviors - seen in moose, elk
33
"charms"
- conspicuous traits that evolve through enhancing an individual's ability to attract a mate or compete for mating opportunities
34
examples of "charms"
bright plumage, large horns, or elaborate displays - seen in types of monkeys
35
Lekking
- congregation of males displaying for females - a small number of males do a majority of the mating - hot shot hypothesis - hotspot hypothesis
36
hotshot hypothesis
37
hotspot hypothesis
38
testosterone
increases male competitiveness, decreases parental care, also somewhat involved in female reproduction
39
testosterone drive male sexual phenotypes
looking at house sparrows: - they have patch on throat called badge - larger badge size = higher testosterone - females choose based on badge
40
trade off with testosterone: basal metabolic rate
- higher testosterone = higher BMR - increased energetic costs due to increased metabolism
41
trade off with testosterone: immune response and oxidative stress
- higher testosterone = decreased immune function and decreased resistance to oxidative stress
42
trade off with testosterone: prenatal care
- unmanipulated males ("normal" levels of testosterone) = all incubating young - control males = all incubating young - implanted/manipulated males = some incubating young (30%), but most did so sporadically (50%) and a good amount completely deserted their young (20%)
43
extrapair mating
- females will often build parental bond with a low-T male (higher prenatal care) - females will often seek out extra-pair copulations with high-T males (to increase fitness of offspring)
44
differences in sexual selection between males and females
- males compete for mates, females often compete for access to resources - sexual selection in females may be more constrained if development of traits depresses reproduction
45
spotted hyena
- gregarious carnivores - female dominated hierarchy- inherited - pseudo-penis (enlarged clitoris) that can sometimes result in suffocation during birth
46
hyenas have female-dominated social hierarchies that are inherited
- social rank is inherited from mom to baby - higher social rank = produce larger # of offspring, higher level of offspring more survival, higher level of androgens in fecal matter (so higher testosterone levels) - more maternal fecal androgens = more cub aggression
47
why does all that stuff happen in hyenas?
- no correct answer at this point - possible reasoning includes sperm competition and side effect of high testosterone
48
male choice based on female traits: olive baboons
- promiscuous during estrus - anal swelling increases body by 14%, constitutes an extra load as well as constrains locomotion and sitting - parasite prone skin - often thought to be important as a sexual signal
49
does swelling size correlate with reproductive output?
- males prefer females with larger swellings
50
prenatal care
nest building, guarding, carrying
51
parental care often extended
providing food and nursing
52
parental care is expensive
lactation is the most energetically demanding period for a female mammal
53
prolactin
induce parental care behaviors
54
prolactin: males vs females
prolactin is more abundant in females than males - seen during behaviors like prelaying, incubation, brooding, shading, rearing, post-fledging
55
brood parasitism
a strategy where one species relies on another to incubate its eggs and raise its young - ex: catfish lay eggs among cichlid eggs

ENV PHYS OF ANIMALS (8 decks)

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