Lecture 22: Phylogenetics

Question 1

Linnaean Hierarchy

Answer 1

Domain
Kindgom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

taxonomy

Answer 2

practice of naming, grouping, and classifying

Question 3

phylogeny

Answer 3

evolutionary history

Question 4

cladistics

Answer 4

using taxonomy on the basis of evolution–>naming and grouping things based on their evolutionary history

Question 5

taxon

Answer 5

grouping of organisms at any level

Question 6

node

Answer 6

branch point; represents divergence and common ancestor

Question 7

sister taxa

Answer 7

groups that share MRCA more recent than they share with others

Question 8

basal taxon

Answer 8

diverges early in history of group

Question 9

polytomy

Answer 9

unclear relationship;branch point with >2 groups

Question 10

root

Answer 10

beginning of tree, MRCA of all taxa on tree

Question 11

what are the three groups on a phylogenic tree?

Answer 11

1. polyphyletic group 2. monophyletic group 3. paraphyletic group

Question 12

polyphyletic group

Answer 12

no common ancestor, excludes nodes and MRCA, distantly related species

Question 13

monophyletic group

Answer 13

common ancestor and all descendants; includes node and everything descended from it; AKA clade

Question 14

paraphyletic groups

Answer 14

common ancestor and some descendants ex: birds-reptiles