- _____________: organs that produce the gametes (sperm) -men= _________ -women= ________ -_____________: organs other than gonands that are necessary for reproduction

- primary sex organs (gonads) -testes -ovaries - secondary sex organs

- If you apply ice to the scrotum the _______ muscle ________ so the scrotum becomes _____ and even more ________ - The ________ muscles will ________ drawing the testes ______ the body to keep them warm

- dartos; contracts; taut; wrinkled - cremaster; contract; closer

- LH stimulates _______ cells to release ______ - FSH acts on ______ cells of the testes to stimulate _____ _________ and the release of ___________ and _______

- leydig; testosterone, which stimulates the development and maturation of sperm cells - sertoli; sperm production; androgen binding protein (ABP); inhibin

Lecture 23 Flashcards by Priscilla Gallardo

_____________: organs that produce the gametes (sperm)
-men= _________
-women= ________
-_____________: organs other than gonands that are necessary for reproduction

primary sex organs (gonads)
-testes
-ovaries
secondary sex organs

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Is the penis a primary or a secondary sex organ?

secondary, bc it does not produce gametes (sperm) but necessary for production

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_________: is a pendulous pouch of skin, _______, and fibrous connective tissue containing the ________ and _________

scrotum; muscle; testes and epididymis

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The Scrotum
- responsible for protecting the ______ & helps with the ___________ of the testicles
- provides a temperature ___-__ degrees Celsius LOWER than that of the body providing a suitable environment for _______ production

testes; thermoregulation
2-3; sperm

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Which reproductive organ are the dartos muscle and cremaster muscle located? _________
- dartos muscle contains ________ muscle
- cremaster muscle contains _______ muscle

testis
- smooth
- smooth and skeletal

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The ________ muscle _______ more and the scrotum becomes taut and even more wrinkled which _______ surface area of the scrotum and blood flow to the scrotal skin, reducing _______ loss

dartos; CONTRACTS; decreases; heat

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The _______ muscle lowers and rises the tests in order to control its temperature

cremaster

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If you apply ice to the scrotum the _______ muscle ________ so the scrotum becomes _____ and even more ________
The ________ muscles will ________ drawing the testes ______ the body to keep them warm

dartos; contracts; taut; wrinkled
cremaster; contract; closer

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In heat
- the ______ muscle ________ making the scrotal skin looser around testes, aiding in heat loss
- the _________ muscle ________ which makes the testes suspend farther from the body

dartos; relaxes
cremaster; relaxes

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____________: network of veins found in the male spermatic cord and drain blood from the testicles epididymis

pampiniform plexus

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The pampiniform plexus acts as a ____________ ________ ___________ to control the temperature of the artery supplying blood to the testicle

concurrent heat exchanger

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Inflowing arterial blood to the testicles gets rid of heat to decrease temperature before entering by __________ that heat to the ______ of the pampiniform plexus that are surrounding the testicular artery which is cooler blood

TRANSFERING; veins

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Testicular artery blood is _____ degrees Celsius and if this were to reach the testicle it would heat the testis and ________ sperm production

37; inhibit

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______________: tightly coiled tubes within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs

seminiferous tubules

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Seminiferous tubules have a narrow lumen lined by a _____ ___________ ________ that contains specialized cells that play crucial roles in ______ production

thick germinal epithelium; sperm

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Where precisely does spermatogenesis occur?

seminiferous tubules located in the testes

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Leydig cells are located on the ________ of the (within the ________ ______) seminiferous tubules
- function is to produce ________

outside; interstitial space
- testosterone (primary male sex hormone)

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Peritubular myoid cells are _______ ______ cells and they _________ the seminiferous tubules in the testes

smooth muscle; surround (forms the wall)

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Sertoli cell= _____, _______, or ________ cell
- spans the _______ seminiferous epithelium

sustentacular; sustentocyte; nurse
- ENITRE

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Three main functions of the Sertoli cells
1. establish and maintain the ______-_____ ________ through __________
2. provide ________ and _______ support to developing ______ cells
3. regulate _______ production: secretes _____________ and ________

blood-testis barrier; tight junctions
physical; nutritional; sperm
sperm; androgen-binding protein (ABP); inhibin

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Cell present in the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules
- ________ cells
- ________ cells
- ______________ cells surrounding the tubules
- __________ cells outside, within interstitial space separating tubules

sertoli
germ (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa)
peritubular myoid
leydig

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Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of FSH (___________) and LH (___________) from the anterior pituitary gland= ___________

follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone; GnHR= Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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Cells in the testis targeted by
- FSH–>
- LH–>

sertoli cells
leydig cells

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LH stimulates _______ cells to release ______
FSH acts on ______ cells of the testes to stimulate _____ _________ and the release of ___________ and _______

leydig; testosterone, which stimulates the development and maturation of sperm cells
sertoli; sperm production; androgen binding protein (ABP); inhibin

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Androgen binding protein binds to ______, which acts like a reservoir: increasing ________ local concentration, making it more available for ___________

testosterone; testosterone; spermatogenesis

Inhibin is a hormone produced by the ________ cells in the testes - it plays a critical role in the feedback loop that regulates _______ production and ultimately sperm production

sertoli - FSH

High testosterone levels will _______ the release of LH and FSH

inhibits through negative feedback

____________: sequence of events that leads to formation of sperm (male gametes) in the seminiferous tubules - Three process that this involves 1. 2. 3. - which cells residing in the basal layer of the seminiferous tubules act as a starting point? ________

spermatogenesis 1. Mitosis 2. Meiosis (I and II) 3. Spermiogenesis - spermatogonia

_____________: migrate to the testes during embryonic development and differentiate into spermatogonia; precursor to all ______ cells

primordial germ cells (PGCs); germ

Which germ cell in the testis acts as stem cells? __________

spermatogonia (singular= spermatogonium)

- ________: refers to a cell containing one set of chromosomes (23), commonly denoted as ___ - ________: refers to a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (the full, 46), commonly denotes as ____

- haploid; n - diploid; 2n

Which germ cells are diploid in spermatogenesis?

spermatogonia type A; type B; primary spermatocyte

During spermatogenesis that first germ cells to become haploid are ______________, but some researchers argue that they remain diploid because the sister chromatids remain attached. Therefore, for them, _________ are the first truly haploid germ cells to emerge

secondary spermatocytes; spermatids

- What type of cell division do spermatogonia TYPE A undergo to maintain the stem cell pool: _________ - What type of cell divans does the primary spermatocyte undergo to be converted into a secondary spermatocyte: _________

- mitosis - meiosis I

After the secondary spermatocyte meiosis II, what is the name of the resulting cells? __________

spermatids (they are still connected to one another through cytoplasmic bridges)

- Which of the different cells that are part of the spermatogenesis process are closet to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules? __________ - Which of the different cells are on the periphery, closet to the peritubular myoid cells? _____________ - Which of those cells is known as the "sperm cell"? ____________

- spermatozoa (spermatozoon singular) - spermatogonia (spermatogonium) - spermatozoa

Place germ cells in order 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Spermatogonia Type A 2. Spermatogoia Type B 3. Primary spermatocyte 4. Secondary spermatocyte 5. Spermatid 6. Spermatozoa

- Which germ cell in the testes experiences meiosis I? ___________ - Which ones undergoes meiosis II? _________

- Primary spermatocyte - Secondary spermatocyte

_____________: the differentiation of the spermatids into spermatozoa (sperm cells)

spermiogenesis

4 key events in spermiogenesis 1. _____________: DNA within the nucleus becomes tightly packaged to protect it 2. 3. 4.

1. Nuclear condensation 2. Acrosome formation 3. Tail formation (flagellum) 4. Cytoplasmic shedding

Have the testicular spermatozoa acquired the ability to move progressively and fertilize oocytes?

NO, they must go through an epididymal maturation process in the male, and capacitation in the female tract

In the process of transformation from spermatids to spermatozoon.. - round spermatids transform into _______, _________ spermatozoa

mature; elongated

____________: a cap-like structure (modified lysosome) over the sperm head that contains _______ used to penetrate the egg

acrosome; enzymes

In the spermatozoon, where are the mitochondria located, in the head or tail?

middle piece of TAIL

The ________ runs along the entire length of the tail of the spermatozoon - it acts as the internal skeleton and ______ ________ - it is primarily composed of __________, tiny hollow tubes made of ________ (protein)

axoneme - motility apparatus - microtubules; tubulin

The spermatozoon needs ATP because the _______ needs a lot of _______ to move the tail

axoneme; ENERGY

3 erectile tissues of the penis, which one houses the urethra

- Corpora cavernosa (2) - Corpus spongiosum: houses the urethra

Corpora cavernosa - contains _______ (large blood-filled spaces lined with endothelial cells) and ________ (interconnected bands of _______ muscle and connective tissue that separates the ______)

- sinusoids; trabeculae; smooth; sinusoids

Erection is achieved by the _________ of the ______ ________ sinusoids with ______

engorgement; corpora cavernosa; blood

Division of the nervous system that control erection= ___________ - secretion of ___________---> _______ smooth muscle cells which allows the sinusoids to _______ and fill with ______

parasympathetic NS - nitric oxide; relaxes; dilate; blood

- ___________: swelling of the genitals with blood - besides the corpus cavernosum... -_______: 50% larger during excitement -_______: swells but very LITTLE

- vasocongestion -testes -corpus spongiosum

Erection - The signal (________) is released from nerve endings or from endothelial cells and activates the enzyme ______ _______, which produces ______

- nitric oxide; guanylate cyclase; cGMP

Erection - cGMP stimulates a _______ that lead to smooth muscle _________ through a reduction in the intracellular _____ concentration which causes a ________ in blood flow promoting erection

- protein kinase; relaxation; calcium (Ca2+); increase

The erection subsides when cGMP is broken down by the enzyme ___________________

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

Which prostaglandin has receptors in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum? ______ - upon its stimulation of its prostaglandin receptors, which enzyme does it activate? _______ which produces _______ from ATP

E1 - adenylyl cyclase; cAMP

Function of cAMP in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum - acts similar to cGMP, _______ intracellular calcium levels - plays a supportive but _______ role in the relaxation of smooth muscle with in the corpus caveronsum, influencing penile erection

- decreasing - secondary

- ____________: propulsion of semen from the male duct system to reach the outside of the body, promoted by the _____________ NS

- ejaculation; sympathetic

Sperm are produced in the _______ ________ of the testes and after production, immature sperm cells move into the ________, a tightly coiled tube that sits on top of each testis

seminiferous tubules; epididymis

Sequence of structures through which sperm passes from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis) 2. Rete testis 3. Efferent tubules 4. Epididymis head

Place where mature sperm is stored before ejaculation= ___________ - for how long? __________

tail of epididymis - 40-60 days (they are viable for that long)

Where do sperm mature and acquire the ability to move or swim? ___________

epididymis (mostly in the body)

Three segments of the epididymis 1. 2. 3. - which continues with the vas deferens?

1. Head 2. Body 3. Tail - the tail

- ___________: network of efferent ducts; passage way for sperm after they leave the seminiferous tubules - ___________: a coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes; extension of the epididymis

- rete testis - vas deferens

Sequence of structures that the sperm cells must cross from the tail of the epididymis to reach the outside of the body 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. tail of epidermis 2. vas deferens (ductus deferens) 3. ejaculatory ducts 4. urethra

Which two ducts combine to form the ejaculatory duct? 1. 2.

1. vas deference 2. seminal vesicle (seminal gland)

Gland contributing to semen composition - _____________: 65-75% - _____________: 20-30% - _____________: 2-5% - _____________: ~1%

- seminal vesicle - prostate - tesits - cowper's gland (aka bulbourethral gland)

Which consistent of semen act as a source of nutrients for sperm cells, facilitating ATP production? _____and______ from the ___________ (_______ also by _________)

fructose, citrate; seminal vesicles (citrate also by prostate)

Two functions of prostaglandins secreted by the _______ _______ into the semen 1. 2.

seminal vesicles 1. stimulate peristalsis ducts deferenes & uterus 2. inhibit sperm rejection by female immune system

Two functions of calcium ion secreted by the ______ _______ into semen 1. 2.

seminal vesicles 1. stimulate sperm motility 2. stimulate enzyme release from acrosome

Which gland produces prosemenogelin? is it active?

seminal vesicles, NO needs to be activated by clotting enzyme to semenolgelin

PSA= ___________ - function: it _________ coagulated semen after delay

prostate-specific antigen - liquifies

Is PSA active in the prostate gland?

NO, its bound zinc ions so inhibited

Bulbourthral gland= _________ gland - secretes a clear, alkaline fluid called __________ (______+______) - this ________ the head of the penis in preparation for intercourse

Cowper - pre-ejaculate (mucus + buffer) - lubricates

Function of the buffer secreted by bulbourethral glands? - protect the sperm by __________ the acidity of the males _______ and females _______

- neutralizing; urethra; vagina

Semen coagulate after ejaculation because __________ proteins from the seminal vesicles bind to _______ form the prostatic fluid, which produces a conformation change in the proteins structure leading to the formation of an insoluble, fibrous coagulum - sperm are _________ in the coagulum

- semenogelins; zinc - immobilized

What is released from the prostate that degradates semenogelin, liquefying the semen again? ____________ - ______ ions have more affinity for _________ than for _______, so the decrease of free ______ ions produce activation of _____ so it can liquefy the semen

PSA - zinc; semenogelin; PSA; zinc; PSA

- Physical stimulation of penis sends sensory signals via the _______ nerve to the spinal erection center - Erection-generating center located in the ________ segments of the spinal cord

- pudendal - sacral

Which division of the ANS elicits a response to the physical stimulation of the penis? _____________

parasympathetic- resulting in erection

The _________ NS constricts the internal sphincter of the bladder during ejaculation to prevent the expulsion of _______ while ejaculating or the ______ of semen into the bladder

sympathetic; urnie; reflux

The sympathetic NS (1) _______ the bladder internal sphincter (2) _______ reproductive ducts and accessory glands to empty their contents into the urethra

- contracts - contracts

The arrival of semen in the urethra triggers a _____ ______ - the _______ NS controls this process - motor input to the ________ _______ at the base of the penis

spinal reflex - somatic - bubospongiosus muscles

Bulbospongiosus muscles are found at the _____ of the penis - during a reflex, it undergoes __-__ strong, spasmodic contractions that compress the _______ and forcibly expel the semen

BASE - 5-6; urethra