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Neuropsych > Lecture #24 > Flashcards

Lecture #24 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

How are cortical motor disorders different from subcortical ones?

A

???

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2
Q

agrammatism

A

Loss of grammar & sentence structure (BA 44/45)

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3
Q

mutism

A

Inability to speak
- very extensive damage (medial)
- BA 6
- can occur sometimes in stroke

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4
Q

What two general types of problems are there with cerebellar disorders?

A
  • ATAXIA: Maintaining balance and posture
  • uncoordinated voluntary movements
    • decomposition
    • intention tremor
    • difficulty with alternating
      movements
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5
Q

ataxia

A

“Without coordination”

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6
Q

What is decomposition of movement?

A

Glitchy movement broken down into shoulder then elbo then wrist then hand etc.

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7
Q

What is intention tremor?

A

tremor when someone is close to target (reaching?)

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8
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Neurodegenerative SUBCORTICAL disorder that causes problems with unintentional movements

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9
Q

What is the proximate cause of PD?

A

gradual neuron death (ESPECIALLY in substantia nigra)

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10
Q

Why does nueron death in the substantia nigra lead to parkinson’s?

A

> Substantia nigra responsible for dopamine releasing axons
Loss of dopamine = less stimulation of motor cortex = slower onset of movements

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11
Q

What is the incidence of the PD disease in people over 60?

A

1%

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12
Q

How much substantia nigra has usually been lost before the motor function
impairments become noticeable?

A

(60% of neurons, 80% of dopamine)

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13
Q

Explain the distinction between positive and negative symptoms?

A

POS: GAIN of an abnormal function/symptom/experience e.g. gaining tremors
NEG: LOSS of a normal function e.g. decreased motor abilities

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14
Q

Recognize the positive motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

A

Resting tremor (4/5 PD patients)
Rigidity
Stooped posture
balance problems

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15
Q

Recognize the negative motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease [MIGAFS

A

Slow [M]ovement
[I]nitiating movement
Festinating [G]ait (super fast baby steps)
NO [A]rm swing (arms flexed)
lack of [F]acial expression
slow & soft [S]peech

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16
Q

What is bradykinesia a synonym for (see book)?

A

Slowness/lack of movement

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17
Q

Freezing in PD

A

Temporary episodes of complete inability to move

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18
Q

Non-motor symptoms for Parkinson’s disease

A
  • EF
  • Language
  • mood (depression)
  • dementia (age related)
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19
Q

Which factors appear to protect against PD, what are risk factors for PD?

A

risk factors: environmental toxins
preventative: Smoking and drinking coffee????

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20
Q

What is the standard (primary) treatment for PD?

A

L-Dopa

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21
Q

What are some other
treatments for PD?

A

Deep brain stimulation & stem cell therapy

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22
Q

What is the problem with L-dopa? (PD)

Study These Flashcards
A

Loses effectiveness after 7-8 years (HOLD OFF!)

23
Q

What is deep brain stimulation?

Study These Flashcards
A

pacemaker for your brain
- thalamic nucleus or globus pallidus (?)
- we don’t really know why it works

24
Q

When is deep brain stimulation not an option?

Study These Flashcards
A

Not an option once dementia has set in - requires cognitive intact & must be inserted while awake

25
How effective is stem cell therapy right at this point in time?
currently, not proven to be effective. could be a placebo. (just wait Lindsey's gonna get on that though trust)
26
For which symptom of PD did we see deep brain stimulation used?
Onset of movement & movement in general (video of person walking better!!)
27
What is Huntington’s disease? (genetic, progressive, subcortical)
PROGRESSIVE damages nerve cells in brain (the dude on 9-1-1 lone star)
28
What is the incidence of Huntington’s disease?
5-10 in 100,000 (typically ages 30-50)
29
Motor symptoms in Huntington’s disease
Intial: arm jerks and face twitch - tremors, writhing - effect walking speech and vol. mvmt
30
What was the pathway used to attempt therapies in Huntington's that we discussed in class?
mRNA killing drug to prevent creation of damaged protien from genetic code
31
What is damaged in ALS?
upper and lower motor nuerons
32
Instance of ALS
2-4 in 100,000
33
Sections (planar perspectives) of the prefrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal Medial Dorsolateral
34
Recognize the functions that are mediated by the DLPFC which ones are strategy- related, which ones are memory related, which ones are inhibition related? What part of empathy is within the purview of the DLPFC?
MEMORY - working memory - behavioral sets - temporal spatial 'tagging' - memory search & retrieval (+ strat) -verbal & nonverbal fluency STRATEGY & SEQUENCING - strategy - planning and organization (+memory) -abstract reasoning (+memory) ATTENTION - selective and sustained attention INHIBITORY CONTROL (COGNITIVE) (Think before react) - insight - self monitoring - judgement - empathy (cognitive)
35
What do all the functions of the OFPFC have in common? Be able to recognize them when you see them.
ALL have to do with mediation of EMOTIONAL/SOCIAL responses - emotional asp. of empathy - linking of memory to autonomic states (Forming likes and dislikes, eg dislike a class just bc its hot) - rapid learning in response to changing reinforcement contingencies (subconsciously pick gambling things with higher rewards) - inhibitory control (think about how Feel before react)
36
What two types of functions for the Anterior cingulate PFC?
???
37
What are the overwhelming findings w.r.t the effects of multitasking on performance?
Both things done less well
38
What are the surprising findings about frequency of media multitasking and performance?
time on most rewarding activity the more you do the worse you are even chewing gum
39
What is the relationship between confidence in multitasking abilities and performance?
The better you think you are the worse you actually are
40
Explain the difference between divergent and convergent problems.
Divergent: open ended Convergent: One solution
41
How do the word fluency and design fluency tasks work?
WF: how many words can you name (Normal, 60- FL: 10) DF: How many lil shapes can you draw
42
What is perseveration on (word fluency and design) tasks?
same theme, no variety (repetition)
43
What is poor spontaneity?
Just less spontaneous generation of multiple unique ideas (divergent thinking problem)
44
How do planning tasks test divergent thinking?
Planning requires thinking of a bunch of ideas of how to do a thing and then picking the best one. Lack of ideas of how to go about the thing
45
Which part of the brain loss of divergenet thinking
DL PFC
46
Stroop task
Colored words. Read the color of the word not the word that is a color ("Blue" written in red, say red)
47
WCST test
categorize cards with a "rule". the rule then randomly changes
48
What types of problems do frontal lobe patients have on the WCST?
Get stuck on the original "rule" (perseverance) fail to "Generate" other ways that the cards could be sorted
49
What types of problems do frontal lobe patients have on the Stroop?
tests inhibition, FLP can not inhibit ability to read the word instead of the color. (Lindsey's a cheater)
50
How are Stroop, WCST environmental control of behavior?
51
Environmental control of behavior
Using factors in the environment to regulate and adapt behavior. (inhibition, risk-taking, associative learning)
52
Explain what poor temporal memory is.
Recency issues: which card have you seen more recently? Monkeys wit doors: how do we come up with the strategy to only open doors that have not had food yet
53
What is the difference in personality between frontal lobe patients with pseudopsychopathy and pseudodepression?
PSDDEP: lesions of L frontal lobe - appathy loss of initiative - no sex - little words PSDPSYCH: Lesions of R frontal lobe - immature lack of restrait - sexual -coarse language increased motor activity - a bitch
54
What is the difference in lesion location personality between frontal lobe patients with pseudopsychopathy and pseudodepression?
PSDDEP: Left frontal lobe PSDPSYCH: Right frontal lobe

Neuropsych (4 decks)

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