Lecture 24: Medicinal Plants (Wounds)

Question 1

True or False: Treatment of wounds with plants was very well known to all animistic societies and to primitive modern science.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Many plants contain powerful antimicrobial substances and the external application for wounds is limited by the toxic effects of other _________ in those plants.

Answer 2

secondary metabolic products

Question 3

True or False: Hundreds of plants are antiseptic

Answer 3

True

Question 4

_____ was discovered Discovered independently by animistic societies in Asia, Europe & N America that is antimicrobial, , anti-inflammatory, stops bleeding (only externally).

Answer 4

Achillea millefolium (Yarrow, milfoil)

Question 5

____ was one of the plants discovered in a Neanderthal cave dated 60.000 ya.

Answer 5

Yarrow

Question 6

What are the chemicals in yarrow?

Answer 6

The herb contains salicylates (aspirin); achilleine (alkaloid), flavonoids, and azulenes (essential oils)

Question 7

What plant was used in reference to Achilles?

Answer 7

Yarrow, genera is achillea

Question 8

____ was discovered both by N American tribes and by Anglo-Saxon cultures in Europe that is also antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, stops bleeding (only externally).

Answer 8

Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel)

Question 9

What and where are the chemicals located in witch hazel?

Answer 9

Bark contains catechins (tannins), flavonoids and essential oils.

Question 10

True or False: Witch hazel can be used used cosmetically (skin cleanser & toner; astringent

Answer 10

True

Question 11

_______ is very unusual in that it flowers in late fall, often after the first frost

Answer 11

Witch hazel

Question 12

_____ is a ancient Egyptian remedy that is antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant.

Answer 12

Callendula officinalis (European marigold)

Question 13

True or False: European marigold can be taken internally.

Answer 13

True,

Used to treat wounds, burns, but can also be used internally.

Question 14

What and where are the chemicals found in European marigold

Answer 14

Flowers contain triterpenoids

Question 15

____ is a ancient greek remedy that is a antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunostimulant.

Answer 15

Arnica montana (Arnica)

Question 16

What and where are the chemicals found in Arnica

Answer 16

The herb contains sesquiterpene lactones

Question 17

____ is used for first aid after injuries that do not involve open wounds, usually applied as an ointment (also very good against burns).

Answer 17

Arnica

Question 18

_______ = phenolic glycosides of salicylic acid: e.g., salicin, populin, methyl salicylate

Answer 18

Salicylates

Question 19

______ salicylate, derived from Gaultheria spp. (Wintergreen) is also a glycoside but volatile

Answer 19

Methyl

Question 20

What are 3 examples of plants that contain salicylates?

Answer 20

Spiraea spp.

Gaultheria procumbens
Wintergreen

Betula spp.
Birch

Question 21

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that mediates _______ against pathogens by production of specific proteins (_______), which are translocated in the entire body of the plant, and in turn activate other defense mechanisms

Answer 21

plant defense

resistance proteins

Question 22

The “defence signal” can also be transmitted to nearby plants by salicylic acid being converted to _______, which is volatile.

Answer 22

methyl salicylate

Question 23

____ is one of the oldest animistic remedies in the northern hemisphere that is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, fever-reducing; inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and platelet aggregation.

Answer 23

Salix spp. (Willow)

Question 24

What and where are the chemicals found in Willow.

Answer 24

The bark: tannins, flavonoids, and SALICIN (a glycoside precursor of salicylic acid).

Question 25

True or False: the therapeutic effect of willow bark take effect more quicker but not continue for a longer period of time than those of aspirin.

Answer 25

False, the therapeutic effect of willow bark take effect more slowly but continue for a longer period of time than those of aspirin. Because of the conversions of salicin is hydrolyzed to salicyl alcohol and glucose by intestinal flora. Salicyl alcohol is subsequently oxidized by the liver to salicylic acid.

Question 26

____ is used against headaches, general inflammation and osteoarthritis (tea made from bark).

Answer 26

Willow

Question 27

The aspirin [from Acid and Spiraea] we know came into being in the late 1890s in the form of ______.

Answer 27

acetylsalicylic acid

Question 28

Aspirin suppresses the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which is done through the irreversible inactivation of the _______.

Answer 28

cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme

Question 29

______, received Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1970 for discovering how aspirin relieves pain and inflammation.

Answer 29

John Vane

Question 30

What are the 3 main types of aspirin usage?

Answer 30

Used to treat inflammation, pain, fever Prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. decrease the risk of certain types of cancer (e.g., colorectal)

Question 31

____ is a Australian traditional remedy noted 1st by Capt. James Cook (1770) that is antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticide

Answer 31

Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree)

Question 32

What and where are the chemicals found in Tea Tree?

Answer 32

Essential oil from the herb contains terpenes

Question 33

True or False: Tea tree can be used interally

Answer 33

False, Only external use: bacterial and fungal infections, chicken pox, herpes zoster, lice, etc.

Question 34

____ is one of the oldest, most used, and best known medicinal plants (Ancient Egypt, Greeks, Romans) that is antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal

Answer 34

Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomille

Question 35

What and where are the chemicals found in Chamomile?

Answer 35

ca. 150 compounds id-ed; flavonoids, essential oils (the herb

Question 36

True or False: Chamolmille can be used both internally and externally

Answer 36

True: Both internal (mouth ulcers, digestive tract infections) and external use (e.g., eczema, creams for wounds).

Question 37

Malaria is an infectious blood disease caused by a protozoan of the genus ______ in the red blood cells.

Answer 37

Plasmodium

Question 38

At least ______ infections/year and _______ deaths every year to malaria.

Answer 38

500 million, 1 million

Question 39

Because of malaria, Africa was called the ______ until the 19th century.

Answer 39

“White’s Man Grave”

Question 40

Jesuit missionaries with Spanish conquistadores noticed that Inca people in Peru used the bark of a tree called ______ (“bark of barks”) against the malaria fever.

Answer 40

“quina-quina”

Question 41

______, ______, and ______ hold the monopoly of quinine production with trees having bark with a high concentration of quinine (8-15%).

Answer 41

Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador

Question 42

______ + ______ = Tonic water is known as the drink of the british colonist.

Answer 42

gin and quinine

Question 43

True or False: It is estimated that more soldiers died of malaria than in the combat.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What was the problems with the synthetic antimalarial drugs Atabrine?

Answer 44

they caused nasty side effects like nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and yellow-tinged skin. If that weren’t bad enough, Japanese propaganda spread the rumor that it caused impotence, so U.S. solders would go to great lengths to avoid taking the Atabrine pill.

Question 45

True or False: , In the last decades malaria developed resistance to chloroquine.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

_____ is used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat fever-related ailments.

Answer 46

Artemisia annua

Question 47

_____ is toxic to chloroquinone-resistant strains of Plasmodium; the substance is secreted in the glandular trichomes found on the stems and leaves.

Answer 47

Artemisinin