Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

microbio > lecture 25 coronavirus > Flashcards

lecture 25 coronavirus Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

etiologic agent of coronavirus

A

SARS-CoV2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

COVID is similar to

A

influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

signs and symptoms of covid 19

A

cough, fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, and shivering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where and when did SARS first appear?

A

in humans in a southern province of china in 2002

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when did SARS-CoV2 appear?

A

in the wuhan province of China in late 2019

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of worldwide cases of covid Is

A

687,121,872

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of worldwide deaths of covid is

A

6,863,900

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of US cases of covid Is

A

106,630,327

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of US deaths of covid Is

A

1,159,839

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

covid is spread by

A

aerosol transmission as well as droplet and close contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

incubation period of covid is

A

3-14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

in young children with covid, what can sometimes be seen?

A

toxic shock-like syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

predisposing factors of covid

A

age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, immunosuppression, smoking, vaping, prior respiratory illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

approximately ____ of covid infections are mild or asymptomatic

A

80 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

approximately ____ of covid cases are severe requiring oxygen

A

15 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

approximately ____ of covid cases are critical infections, requiring ventilation

A

5 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____ at greatest risk of disease and death from covid

A

elderly (>70)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mortality rate of covid in USA

A

1-2%, probably lower due to unknown number of undiagnosed cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

death from covid is typically due to

A

respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, organ shutdown, or stroke(blood clots)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

there are ___ studied coronoviruses

A

14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in humans, how many coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how many deadly coronaviruses emerged this century

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the causative agent of SARS originated in

A

bats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the second most noteworthy human cornocirus is the one responsible for

A

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
when did MERS(Middle East respiratory syndrome, an outbreak of severe pneumonia) begin?
Saudi Arabia in 2012
26
MERS fatality rate
36%
27
which spreads more efficiently through human contact, SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV?
SARS CoV
28
why is there a constant threat for reemergence?
because closely related coronaviruses persist in baths and other mammalian/avian reservoirs
29
deadly coronaviruses appear to be cross-over ___ viruses, but have recently been able to infect human populations
zoonotic
30
the coronaviridae family can de divided into ___ genera
four (a, B, y, 8)
31
what generas of coronavirus infect mammals and humans
a and B
32
what genera of coronavirus mainly infect birds
y and 8
33
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus of what genus?
B
34
bacterial characteristics of SARS-CoV2
round or oval, with a diameter of approximately 60-140nm and a crown-shaped appearance under electron microscopy
35
CoV2 genome has _____ single stranded RNA
30kb
36
______ structure of SARS 1 genome includes a large 5' reading frame
canonical
37
SARS 1 genome encodes two poly proteins that contains
16 nonstructural enzymes critical for viral replication
38
the 3' third of SARS genome encodes
4 structural proteins (S, E, M, N)
39
SARS 2 exhibits high ____ to recent bat CoV isolate RaTG13
homology
40
SARS-2 may have direct evolution from the specific lineage of ______ and not SARS-1
bat CoV
41
coronaviruses mutate less frequently than other RNA viruses due to the presence of a
proofreading exonuclease
42
the presence of SARS-CoV2 virus is tested on an ____ or____ swab
nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal
43
the diagnosis of COVID is a diagnostic test for virus. the test is a ____
rtPCR based application
44
_____ are usually the laboratory generated antibodies to SARS-CoV2 antigens
spike proteins
45
newer gene amplification methods such as _____ are used and can be performed at one temperature over a shorter period of time
RT-LAMP
46
upon inhalation, SARS-CoV-2 attaches to _______ of the respiratory epithelium
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2)
47
where is ACE 2 found?
in cells of many organs (oral and nasal mucosa, nasopharyx, lung, stomach, small intestine, colon, skin, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, arterial and venous endothelial cells, and brain)
48
surface expression of ACE2 is observed on ______ and ______
lung alveolar epithelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine
49
after membrane fusion, viral RNA genome is uncoated and begins the ______ of the long ORF, _____ of sub-genomic RNAs, and _______ and assembly with structural proteins.
translation, transcription, viral replication
50
budding of the SARS-CoV-2 is done via the
endoplasmic reticulum/golgi intermediate compartment
51
following viral entry into respiratory epithelial cells, ACE2 is _______, which enhances pathology
downregulated
52
the downregulation of ACE2 leads to compensatory overproduction of ________ by ACE
angiotensin II
53
after compensatory overproduction, angiotensin stimulates its ________, which increases lung vascular permeability and potentiates lung pathology
type 1a receptor
54
the most severe form of acute lung injury, affects around 1M individuals worldwide a year
acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS)
55
mortality rate of ARDS
30-50%
56
what can ARDS be triggered by?
multiple diseases such as sepsis, aspiration, trauma, acute pancreatitis, or pneumonias following infections with SARS coronavirus or avian and human influenza viruses
57
the _______ plays a major role in maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid homeostasis
renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
58
the loss of ACE2 expression in mutant mice resulted in
enhanced vascular permeability, increased lung edema, neutrophil accumulation, and worsened lung function
59
ACE2 protects against
severe acute lung injury
60
treatment of covid 19
supportive therapy, oxygen, intubation
61
anti-inflammatory mABS can be used in treatment because
they dampen runaway innate immune response
62
covid 19 infection induces IgM IgG antibodies against the ________ that can be detected by serum as early as day 4 after the onset of disease
nucleocapsid (N) protein
63
laboratory evidence of clinical patients showed that a specific ______ response against SARS-CoV-2 is important for the recognition and killing of infected cells
T-cell response
64
durable immunity following COVID-19 infection appears to be present for at least ______ following infections
6 months
65
asymptomatic of low symptom infections yield lower level of
immunity
66
vaccine protection has been shown to last at least up to
6 months
67
SARS-CoV-2 is changing
constantly
68
how are SARS-CoV-2 variants being classified?
VBM variants being monitored VOI variants of interest VOC variants of concern VOHC variants of high consequence
69
how are variants identified?
spot check sequence analysis and comparison to other isolates collected locally and around country/world
70
variants being monitored do/do not pose a significant and imminent risk to public health in the United States CIRCLE ONE
do not
71
variants of interest have specific genetic markers that are predicted to
affect transmission, diagnostics, therapeutics, or immune escape
72
variants of concern have evidence of
impact on diagnostics treatments, or vaccines increased transmissibility increased disease severity
73
variants of high concern demonstrated
failure of diagnostic test targets (must be reported to W.H.O.) more severe clinical disease and increased hospitalization decreased vaccine effectiveness
74
what part of the virus was mutated in order to infect humans?
S glycoprotein necessary for receptor binding

microbio (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions