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microbio > lecture 25 coronavirus > Flashcards

lecture 25 coronavirus Flashcards

1
Q

etiologic agent of coronavirus

A

SARS-CoV2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2)

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2
Q

COVID is similar to

A

influenza

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3
Q

signs and symptoms of covid 19

A

cough, fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, and shivering

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4
Q

where and when did SARS first appear?

A

in humans in a southern province of china in 2002

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5
Q

when did SARS-CoV2 appear?

A

in the wuhan province of China in late 2019

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6
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of worldwide cases of covid Is

A

687,121,872

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7
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of worldwide deaths of covid is

A

6,863,900

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8
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of US cases of covid Is

A

106,630,327

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9
Q

as of 5-1-23, the number of US deaths of covid Is

A

1,159,839

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10
Q

covid is spread by

A

aerosol transmission as well as droplet and close contact

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11
Q

incubation period of covid is

A

3-14 days

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12
Q

in young children with covid, what can sometimes be seen?

A

toxic shock-like syndrome

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13
Q

predisposing factors of covid

A

age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, immunosuppression, smoking, vaping, prior respiratory illness

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14
Q

approximately ____ of covid infections are mild or asymptomatic

A

80 percent

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15
Q

approximately ____ of covid cases are severe requiring oxygen

A

15 percent

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16
Q

approximately ____ of covid cases are critical infections, requiring ventilation

A

5 percent

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17
Q

____ at greatest risk of disease and death from covid

A

elderly (>70)

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18
Q

mortality rate of covid in USA

A

1-2%, probably lower due to unknown number of undiagnosed cases

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19
Q

death from covid is typically due to

A

respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, organ shutdown, or stroke(blood clots)

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20
Q

there are ___ studied coronoviruses

A

14

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21
Q

in humans, how many coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections?

A

4

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22
Q

how many deadly coronaviruses emerged this century

A

2

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23
Q

the causative agent of SARS originated in

A

bats

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24
Q

the second most noteworthy human cornocirus is the one responsible for

A

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

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25
Q

when did MERS(Middle East respiratory syndrome, an outbreak of severe pneumonia) begin?

A

Saudi Arabia in 2012

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26
Q

MERS fatality rate

A

36%

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27
Q

which spreads more efficiently through human contact, SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV?

A

SARS CoV

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28
Q

why is there a constant threat for reemergence?

A

because closely related coronaviruses persist in baths and other mammalian/avian reservoirs

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29
Q

deadly coronaviruses appear to be cross-over ___ viruses, but have recently been able to infect human populations

A

zoonotic

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30
Q

the coronaviridae family can de divided into ___ genera

A

four (a, B, y, 8)

31
Q

what generas of coronavirus infect mammals and humans

A

a and B

32
Q

what genera of coronavirus mainly infect birds

A

y and 8

33
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus of what genus?

A

B

34
Q

bacterial characteristics of SARS-CoV2

A

round or oval, with a diameter of approximately 60-140nm and a crown-shaped appearance under electron microscopy

35
Q

CoV2 genome has _____ single stranded RNA

A

30kb

36
Q

______ structure of SARS 1 genome includes a large 5’ reading frame

A

canonical

37
Q

SARS 1 genome encodes two poly proteins that contains

A

16 nonstructural enzymes critical for viral replication

38
Q

the 3’ third of SARS genome encodes

A

4 structural proteins (S, E, M, N)

39
Q

SARS 2 exhibits high ____ to recent bat CoV isolate RaTG13

A

homology

40
Q

SARS-2 may have direct evolution from the specific lineage of ______ and not SARS-1

A

bat CoV

41
Q

coronaviruses mutate less frequently than other RNA viruses due to the presence of a

A

proofreading exonuclease

42
Q

the presence of SARS-CoV2 virus is tested on an ____ or____ swab

A

nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal

43
Q

the diagnosis of COVID is a diagnostic test for virus. the test is a ____

A

rtPCR based application

44
Q

_____ are usually the laboratory generated antibodies to SARS-CoV2 antigens

A

spike proteins

45
Q

newer gene amplification methods such as _____ are used and can be performed at one temperature over a shorter period of time

A

RT-LAMP

46
Q

upon inhalation, SARS-CoV-2 attaches to _______ of the respiratory epithelium

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2)

47
Q

where is ACE 2 found?

A

in cells of many organs (oral and nasal mucosa, nasopharyx, lung, stomach, small intestine, colon, skin, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, arterial and venous endothelial cells, and brain)

48
Q

surface expression of ACE2 is observed on ______ and ______

A

lung alveolar epithelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine

49
Q

after membrane fusion, viral RNA genome is uncoated and begins the ______ of the long ORF, _____ of sub-genomic RNAs, and _______ and assembly with structural proteins.

A

translation, transcription, viral replication

50
Q

budding of the SARS-CoV-2 is done via the

A

endoplasmic reticulum/golgi intermediate compartment

51
Q

following viral entry into respiratory epithelial cells, ACE2 is _______, which enhances pathology

A

downregulated

52
Q

the downregulation of ACE2 leads to compensatory overproduction of ________ by ACE

A

angiotensin II

53
Q

after compensatory overproduction, angiotensin stimulates its ________, which increases lung vascular permeability and potentiates lung pathology

A

type 1a receptor

54
Q

the most severe form of acute lung injury, affects around 1M individuals worldwide a year

A

acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS)

55
Q

mortality rate of ARDS

A

30-50%

56
Q

what can ARDS be triggered by?

A

multiple diseases such as sepsis, aspiration, trauma, acute pancreatitis, or pneumonias following infections with SARS coronavirus or avian and human influenza viruses

57
Q

the _______ plays a major role in maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid homeostasis

A

renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

58
Q

the loss of ACE2 expression in mutant mice resulted in

A

enhanced vascular permeability, increased lung edema, neutrophil accumulation, and worsened lung function

59
Q

ACE2 protects against

A

severe acute lung injury

60
Q

treatment of covid 19

A

supportive therapy, oxygen, intubation

61
Q

anti-inflammatory mABS can be used in treatment because

A

they dampen runaway innate immune response

62
Q

covid 19 infection induces IgM IgG antibodies against the ________ that can be detected by serum as early as day 4 after the onset of disease

A

nucleocapsid (N) protein

63
Q

laboratory evidence of clinical patients showed that a specific ______ response against SARS-CoV-2 is important for the recognition and killing of infected cells

A

T-cell response

64
Q

durable immunity following COVID-19 infection appears to be present for at least ______ following infections

A

6 months

65
Q

asymptomatic of low symptom infections yield lower level of

A

immunity

66
Q

vaccine protection has been shown to last at least up to

A

6 months

67
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is changing

A

constantly

68
Q

how are SARS-CoV-2 variants being classified?

A

VBM variants being monitored
VOI variants of interest
VOC variants of concern
VOHC variants of high consequence

69
Q

how are variants identified?

A

spot check sequence analysis and comparison to other isolates collected locally and around country/world

70
Q

variants being monitored do/do not pose a significant and imminent risk to public health in the United States CIRCLE ONE

A

do not

71
Q

variants of interest have specific genetic markers that are predicted to

A

affect transmission, diagnostics, therapeutics, or immune escape

72
Q

variants of concern have evidence of

A

impact on diagnostics treatments, or vaccines
increased transmissibility
increased disease severity

73
Q

variants of high concern demonstrated

A

failure of diagnostic test targets (must be reported to W.H.O.)
more severe clinical disease and increased hospitalization
decreased vaccine effectiveness

74
Q

what part of the virus was mutated in order to infect humans?

A

S glycoprotein necessary for receptor binding

microbio (8 decks)

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