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genetics midterm 2 > lecture 26, 27, 28 > Flashcards

lecture 26, 27, 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

organizers

A

cells that have the ability to organize the development of surrounding
tissues

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2
Q

morphogens

A

molecules produced by the organizer that
induce various responses in surrounding tissue in a
concentration-dependent manner

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3
Q

housekeeping genes

A

genes that encode for proteins that function in essential processes in all cells of the body

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4
Q

development toolkit genes

A

encodes for proteins that function in development to implement basic developmental decision and are widely conserved

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5
Q

zygotic gene

A

a gene that its knockout produces a phenotype regardless if it is absent from the oocyte or the sperm

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6
Q

maternal-effect gene

A

a gene that its knockout produces a phenotype when absent in the oocyte but not the sperm

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7
Q

how do you determine what gene links to what developmental role?

A

identify the gene that is not expressed and match that to the organ that is not developed properly

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8
Q

what does immunolocation do?

A

determines where a protein is located in a cell or tissue

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9
Q

what does in situ hybridization do?

A

identifies where a gene is expressed by locating its mRNA

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10
Q

how does immunolocation detect proteins?

A

it utilizes an antibody that is specific to the target protein

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11
Q

how does in situ hybridization detect mRNA?

A

It utilizes complementary RNA probe to pair with the target mRNA

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12
Q

what type of gene is a bicoid?

A

maternal-effect gene

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13
Q

what is the consequence of a bicoid mutant?

A

the larvae develop without a head region

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14
Q

gap genes

A

affects the formation of a large embryonic regions

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15
Q

pair-rule genes

A

act at alternating segmental boundaries

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16
Q

segment-polarity genes

A

affect patterning within each segment

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17
Q

what is the order in which segmentation genes are expressed or developed?

A

bicoid -> gap -> pair-rule -> segment-polarity

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18
Q

are bicoid proteins maternal or zygotic?

A

maternal

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19
Q

are gap genes maternal or zygotic?

A

zygotic

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20
Q

are pair-rule genes maternal or zygotic?

A

zygotic

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21
Q

are segment-polarity genes maternal or zygotic?

A

zygotic

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22
Q

list the two types of gap genes as part of lecture

A

kruppel and knirps

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23
Q

list the four types of pair-rule genes as part of lecture

A

even and odd skipped, paired, runt

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24
Q

list the two types of segment-polarity genes as part of lecture

A

gooseberry and patched

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25
homeotic genes
genes that regulate the development of anatomical structures and their functions are conserved
26
what is the most common result of a mutated homeotic gene?
misplacement of anatomical structures
27
homeotic transformations
when a normal body part is replaced by another due to a mutation
28
forward genetic screen
apply random mutagen to a wild-type organism, identify a phenotype of interest and clone the gene that when mutated is causing the phenotype
29
reverse genetic screen
identifying the gene sequence and using the information to directly mutate the gene and only then identify the phenotype
30
what does the Ubx gene do?
promotes hind-wing development and repress forewing development
31
what does a loss-of-function mutation in Ubx result in?
the hind wing transforms into a forewing; can fly but is unable to stabilize properly
32
what does a gain-of-function mutation in Ubx result in?
the forewing transforms into a hindwing; can no longer fly
33
what does the Antp gene do?
controls the development of legs/other body parts in the thoracic segment
34
what does a gain-of-function mutation in Antp result in?
legs develop where antennas should be
35
homeodomain
domain of 60 amino acids found within a large number of transcription factors
36
what can homeodomains do?
form helix-turn-helix structures and bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner
37
what type of gene is Dorsal?
maternal-effect gene
38
what does Dorsal encode for?
a transcription factor that is expressed in a gradient along the DV axis
39
synergistic effect
effect is greater than additive
40
enhanceosome
a large protein complex and the enhancer they bind that acts synergistically to activate transcription
41
how far do enhanceosomes typically act from?
further than 50 Kb
42
what is needed for the proteins in each enhansosome to act synergistically?
the distance between proteins in the enhanceosomes needs to be maintained
43
what can enhancers be an example of?
cis-regulatory elements
44
what does the Hunchback protein require to activate its transcription?
Bicoid binding
45
what increases the heaviness of a hunchback expression being expressed?
an increase in bicoid elements
46
what happens when there are increased sites a gap gene can have?
It can be activated with a lower concentration of bicoid proteins
47
what is meant by the cis-acting regulatory elements of individual genes are controlled independently?
none of the elements rely on one another for expression
48
With regard to the strip two enhancer, what proteins repress its concentation/expression?
kruppel and giant proteins
49
What proteins act as activators of the eve stripe two element?
bicoid and hunchback proteins
50
how can development be regulated?
by the binding of proteins to mRNA
51
where does developmental regulation take place?
the 3'UTR
52
What happens when GLD-1 binds to the 3'UTR of glp-1's spatial control region?
it prevents glp-1 translation in the cells that express GLD-1; is the foundation of transitioning from proliferation to differentiation
53
what other kind of mRNA can regulate development?
microRNA
54
what does let-7 do?
it down-regulates cell division in hypodermal cells after transition to the adult stage
55
what does let-7 need to be able to down-regulate cell division?
it binds to lin-41's 3'UTR
56
what is lin-41?
a translational repressor
57
what occurs if lin-41 is active?
cells continue to divide
58
what occurs if lin-41 is inactive?
cells stop dividing and begin to differentiate
59
what is polydactyly?
a genetic condition where one is born with additional fingers or toes than the considered normal amount
60
AP axis
head to tail and/or front to back
61
DV axis
back to belly and/or top to bottom

genetics midterm 2 (6 decks)

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