Lecture 26- Emotion I: Fear Flashcards

1
Q

1What was the cat experiment with removing her cerebrum?

A
  • when whole cerebrum removed, animal extremely aggressive= sham rage
  • if cerebrum removed but hypothalamus remained= docile
  • means hypothalamus is an organisational centre of fear an aggression
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2
Q

Does the emotional system in humans develop with age?

A

-yes -the things we fear change with age

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3
Q

What are the fears at the age of 4-6?

A

-kidnappers, robbers, ghosts and monsters

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4
Q

What are the fears at the age of 6?

A

-fears of bodily injury, death and failure develop -these may continue into early adolescence

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5
Q

What are the fears at the age of 10-11?

A

-fears regarding social comparison, physical appearance, personal conduct and school examinations may predominate

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6
Q

What are the consequences of the emotional system becoming dysfunctional?

A

-abnormal experiencing of anxiety can occur in variety of ways -this is when you are scared and shouldn’t be -very common 1: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 2: Panic attack 3: Panic disorder 4: Phobias 5: Obsessive compulsive disorder 6: Post-traumatic stress disorder

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7
Q

What are the normal Panic attack symptoms? (13)

A

1.Pounding heart 2. Chest pains 3. Light-headedness or dizziness 4.Nausea or stomach problems 5.Flushes or chills= autonomic system goes wrong, control of temperature 6. Sweating= autonomic system 7. Shortness of breath or a feeling of smothering or choking 8. Tingling or numbness= somatosensory system 9. Shaking or trembling= over-excitation of autonomic system 10. Feelings of unreality 11. Terror 12. A feeling of being out of control or going crazy 13. Fear of dying

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8
Q

What are the nervous system components that organise expression of emotional experience?

A
  • same motor neurons and same muscles for smile but different pathway
  • medial /lateral organisation
  • motor control but not the primary pyramidal (the main pathway)
  • here it goes via different pathway
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9
Q

Can you activate the muscles needed for facial expressions without feeling the emotion?

A

-by activating the muscles can mimic the emotional pattern -but do not feel anything

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10
Q

What is voluntary facial (motor) paresis?

A
  • there are two pathways that control muscles for smiling
    a) volitional movement= the pyramidal and extrapyramidal projections from motor cortex and brainstem and
    b) neural systems for emotional expression= descending extrapyramidal (not the main pathway) projections from the medial forebrain and hypothalamus
  • here we have a problem in the voluntary pathway
  • cannot smile properly voluntarily
  • can smile normally when find something funny
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11
Q

Where do the projections of the neural systems involved in emotional expression come from?

A

-medial forebrain and hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is emotional (motor) facial paresis?

A
  • there are two pathways that control muscles for smiling
    a) volitional movement= the pyramidal and extrapyramidal projections from motor cortex and brainstem and
    b) neural systems for emotional expression= descending extrapyramidal (not the main pathway) projections from the medial forebrain and hypothalamus
  • here we have a problem in the voluntary pathway
  • can smile properly voluntarily
  • cannot normally when find something funny
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13
Q

What is the smile of emotional paresis called?

A

-Duchenne smile

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14
Q

What is the voluntary facial paresis smile called?

A

-Pyramidal smile

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15
Q

What does the existence of voluntary and emotional facial paresis tell us?

A

-there are two systems controlling the facial muscles involved in smiling

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16
Q

What is the so called limbic lobe?

A

-cingulate gyrus, associated with emotions

17
Q

What are the most important parts of the brain involved in emotions?

A

-cingulate gyrus and the amygdala

18
Q

What is the modern concept of the limbic system?

A
  • emotions last after the stimulus is gone
  • continuous stimulation must occur
  • amygdala and cingulate gyrus are the main components
  • expression of emotion downstream via hypothalamus and autonomic etc.
19
Q

Where is the amygdala and what three subgroups is it divided into?

A
  1. Baso-lateral group
  2. Medial group
  3. Central group
20
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the amygdala?

A

-orbital and prefrontal cortex are involved in the awareness of what is happening; interpretation

21
Q

What is activated in the brain when making judgments of trustworthiness?

A

-the amygdala -amygdala is activated when you make judgments about trustworthiness -some difference in left and right -implicit= only pic, explicit= some info

22
Q

What is the pathway in a rat brain that mediates the association of auditory and aversive somatic sensory stimuli?

A

-fear is plastic= can learn to fear -

auditory fear conditioning= fearful stimulus, electrical shock

  • do that and get fear response
  • classical conditioning= beep and shock at the same time
  • then have fear just from the beep
  • beep= auditory pathway
  • can interrupt the pathway, do not need the auditory cortex -

need the auditory pathway

23
Q

Where does the amygdala get convergent inputs from and where does it project to?

A
  • primary reinforces (taste, touch, pain)
  • neural sensory stimuli=visual, auditory stimuli related to an object)
24
Q

What are the outputs from the amygdala to the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex about?

A

-implicit motor actions -explicit conscious processing to obtain rewards, avoid punishments and implement long-term plan

25
Q

What are the outputs from the amygdala to the hypothalamus and brainstem about?

A

-visceral motor effector systems to prepare body fro action

26
Q

What are the AMPA and NMDA receptors activated by?

A

-glutamate

27
Q

What is the pattern of activation of the AMPA and NMDA receptors at resting potential?

A
  • when very weak stimulation only AMPA is activated and lets some Na+ in
  • NMDA is blocked by a Magnesium ion
28
Q

What is the pattern of activation of the AMPA and NMDA receptors at during postsynaptic depolarisation?

A
  • if more glutamate comes then the NMDA is unblocked and the Mg ion dissociates -NMDA lets in Ca2+ and Na+ in
  • it also activates CAM kinase
  • CAM kinase adds more AMPA receptors therefore the postsynaptic membrane is more conductive
  • thus the response to glutamate can be stronger than before -LTP= long term potentiation
29
Q

What are the signaling mechanisms underlying LTP?

A
  • NMDA lets in Ca2+ and Na+ and activates Ca2+/Calmodulin kinase II and Protein kinase C
  • these two kinases phosphorylate substrate and make more AMPA receptors that are then inserted into the postsynaptic membrane and the response to glutamate is enhanced
30
Q

What are the two types of LTP?

A
  1. selective, specific (homosynaptic) 2. associative (heterosynaptic)
31
Q

What is specific LTP?

A
  • One synapse is active and another one is not active
  • only the active one is strengthened
  • specific to a stimulus
32
Q

What is associative LTP?

A
  • one synapse strongly stimulated
  • second one weakly stimulated
  • stimulated together
  • both synapses strengthened and when one fires later the other is associated and will fire too (this is in the amygdala
  • changes in synapses together
  • if tone carried by one and the renforcing one
  • must be active at the same time -can associate thing that happen at the same time)
33
Q

What happens when you have bilateral loss of the amygdala?

A

-no concept of fear -maintain all the other feelings but don’t know what fear is -cannot draw it (the funny baby picture)

34
Q

What is the neural model for the awareness of emotional feelings?

A

-

35
Q

How can you suppress fear pharmaceutically?

A
  • via benzodiazepine
  • enhances the effect of GABA at the GABA a receptor
  • resulting in relaxed, sleepy individual