Lecture 27 10/22/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacteria can spread through seafood?

A

-Aeromonas spp.
-Mycobacteria spp.
-Vibrio spp.
-Clostridium spp.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Aeromonas spp.?

A

-gram negative
-motile
-facultative anaerobe
-ubiquitous in environment
-infect stressed fish

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3
Q

How is Aeromonas transmitted?

A

-eating raw/undercooked fish
-cuts and abrasions

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of Aeromonas?

A

-nausea
-diarrhea
-vomiting
-septicemia
-wound infection
-necrotizing fasciitis

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycobacteria spp.?

A

-gram positive
-non-motile
-acid-fast rods
-slow growing/difficult to culture
-fish can be carriers, acutely infected, or chronically infected

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6
Q

What is the main clinical sign of Mycobacteria infection?

A

ulcerative or raised granulomatous lesions on extremities

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Vibrio spp.?

A

-gram negative
-facultative anaerobe
-rod shaped
-natural habitat is coastal waters where oysters live
-higher conc. between May and October

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8
Q

How does Vibrio bacteria transmit?

A

-eating raw or undercooked oysters
-puncture wound penetrations

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of Vibrio vulnificus infection?

A

-diarrhea
-vomiting
-septicemia
-skin blistering
-necrotizing fasciitis

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Vibrio parahemolyticus?

A

-non-bloody diarrhea
-vomiting
-abdominal pain

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Vibrio cholerae?

A

-contaminates water and exposed food sources
-incubation between a few hours and 5 days
-death due to dehydration
-prevent through careful food handling and water testing

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Clostridium perfringens?

A

-Type A causes gastroenteritis and diarrhea
-Type C causes necrotic enteritis

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Clostridium botulinum?

A

-toxin causes muscle paralysis
-death results from respiratory failure

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14
Q

Which marine toxins are found in finfish?

A

-Scombroid
-Ciguatera

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15
Q

Which marine toxins are found in shellfish?

A

-paralytic
-neurotoxic
-amnesic
-diarrheic

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of scombrotoxic fish poisoning?

A

-consumption of fish containing higher levels of histamine
-bacterial contamination due to poor storage and refrigeration
-clinical signs begin 2 minutes to 2 hours after ingestion
-often resolves on its own

17
Q

What are the clinical signs of scombrotoxic fish poisoning?

A

-burning/tingling of lips and mouth
-flushing of face
-itchy rash
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-headaches
-blurred vision
-palpitations
-dizziness

18
Q

What are the characteristics of scombrotoxic fish poisoning prevention?

A

-consume fresh or properly frozen fish
-cooking, canning, smoking, or freezing will NOT destroy histamine
-fish may have unusual odors
-flesh of contaminated fish may have a honeycomb appearance after cooking

19
Q

What are the characteristics of Ciguatera poisoning?

A

-caused by eating tropical reef fish
-naturally occurring toxin produced by dinoflagellates
-toxin accumulates through food chain
-clinical signs begin within minutes to 30 hours after ingestion

20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ciguatera poisoning?

A

-nausea
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-cramps
-sweating
-headaches
-muscle aches
-burning sensation
-weakness
-itchiness
-dizziness
-abnormal temp and/or taste in mouth
-hallucinations/nightmares

21
Q

What complicates Ciguatera poisoning prevention?

A

-difficult to identify high-risk fishing grounds
-inadequate industry knowledge
-inadequate compliance with FDA regulations

22
Q

What are the characteristics of paralytic shellfish poisoning?

A

-caused by dinoflagellates associated with “red tide”
-toxin concentrates in shellfish in colder waters
-clinical signs appear after 15 minutes to 10 hours

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of paralytic shellfish poisoning?

A

mild:
-numbness/tingling of face and extremities
-incoordination
-GI upset
severe:
-muscle paralysis
-resp. failure
-death

24
Q

What are the characteristics of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning?

A

-toxin produced by dinoflagellate Karenia brevis
-found in gulf coast and SE atlantic coast of US
-clinical signs begin after 1 to 3 hours

25
What are the clinical signs of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning?
-numbness/tingling of mouth and extremities -GI upset -incoordination
26
What are the characteristics of amnesic shellfish poisoning?
-caused by Nitzchia pungens -domoic acid is toxin -rare syndrome in people -clinical signs begin within 24 hours
27
What are the clinical signs of amnesic shellfish poisoning?
-GI distress -dizziness -headache -disorientation -permanent short term memory loss -seizures -focal weakness/paralysis -death
28
What are the characteristics of diarrheic shellfish poisoning?
-okadaic acid -nausea and diarrhea occur -recovery in 1-3 days
29
What are the characteristics of puffer fish poisoning?
-tetrodoxin -symptoms similar to paralytic shellfish poisoning -major cause of fatal food toxicity in Japan
30
What is important about mercury and the food chain?
it must be converted to methylmercury to enter the food chain and accumulate
31
What are the characteristics of mercury in fish?
-contamination -larger fish usually have more accumulation -carnivorous fish often have higher levels
32
How can adverse affects of mercury consumption be avoided?
-know local "consumption" rules -pregnant women should limit fish consumption -other sources of mercury should also be considered