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Physiology > Lecture 27 - Reptile & Avian > Flashcards

Lecture 27 - Reptile & Avian Flashcards

1
Q

Do reptiles have a diaphragm

A

No

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2
Q

Do reptiles all have the same kind of heart

A

No - can be in different spots and have 2 cardiac morphologies (Chelonia & Squamata vs Crocodilia)

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3
Q

Compared to mammals, are reptiles more or less susceptible to adverse effects of hypoxia and changes in blood pH?

A

Much less susceptible - have great blood buffering systems

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4
Q

Do reptile hearts have pacemaker nodes or purkinje fibers

A

NO

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5
Q

How are contractions initiated in the reptile heart

A

Cardiac muscle fibers in sinus venosos - contractions spread from RA to LA then into the ventricles

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6
Q

Can you induce spontaneous contraction in reptile hearts if they’re outside the body

A

Yes - just touch it at sinus venosus

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7
Q

Reptile heart innervated by

A

Parasympathetic fibers in vagus nerve (cholinergic)
Sympathetic fibers (adrenergic) (less well developed)

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8
Q

In reptile hearts, are parasympathetic or sympathetic fibers more developed

A

Parasympathetic! This means sympathetic is less well developed and you don’t see rapid heart rate increases in reptiles

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9
Q

Is reptilian <3 rate slower or faster than birds/mammals

A

Slower

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10
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with body size

A

Inversely proportional

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11
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with body temperature

A

Directly proportional

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12
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with activity level

A

Directly proportional

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13
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with resp rate

A

Directly proportional

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14
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with hypovolemia

A

Directly proportional

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15
Q

Reptilian heart rate is directly proportional to all factors except ___________ where it’s inversely proportional

A

Body size

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16
Q

Do chelonians/squamates have a septum to separate R & L ventricle?

A

No, just have muscular ridges that move to separate some oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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17
Q

Do crocodiles have a 4 chambered heart

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is the foramen of panizza in crocodilian hearts

A

A shunt that separates the L & R aorta

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19
Q

What change opens/closes foramen of panizza

A

Pressure changes - ie if crocodile is diving/breath holding

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20
Q

In crocodile heart, blood from right ventricle goes to

A

Left aorta

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21
Q

Blood from right ventricle goes into

A

Left aorta

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22
Q

What is the cogwheel valve

A

Also called active valve, can close down

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23
Q

What is shunting in chelonians and squamates

A

Sending blood left to right during normal respirations

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24
Q

Shunting chelonians and squamates functions

A

Facilitation of CO2 removal from lungs
Minimize V/Q mismatches
Improve systemic oxygen transportation

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25
Shunting happens right to left during anoxia - true or false
TRUE
26
When crocodiles are breathing air (above water breathing) what is the pathway of blood (from each ventricle)?
Goes from RA to RV where blood goes to pulmonary artery and small amount goes to L aorta Goes from LA to LV to R aorta
27
When crocodiles are underwater or diving/breath-holding, what is the pathway of blood
RA to RV to LA and cogwheel valve shunts, blood wont go through pulmonary artery, instead pushed into L aorta and R aorta
28
Do reptiles have a diaphragm
No
29
Do reptiles have symmetrical lungs
Yes - they’re paired EXCEPT snakes where only right lung is present (left lung is vestigial
30
Reptilian hemoglobin has lower oxygen affinity than mammals therefore
Oxygen delivery to tissues more effective even at low blood oxygen levels
31
Where does the stimulus to breathe come from in reptiles
Low blood oxygen content
32
High oxygen tension environments may suppress...
Spontaneous respiratory rate - therefore may not breathe well in O2 Chambers & do NOT want to use 100% O2 during anaesthesia
33
Do chelonians have incomplete tracheal rings
NO! They are complete <3
34
Do squamates have incomplete tracheal rings
Yes
35
Do crocodiles have incomplete tracheal rings
NO! They’re complete
36
Do birds have a high metabolic rate
Yes so high oxygen demands
37
Where does the heart sit in the avian body
Tilted slightly to the right
38
What is unique about bird hearts
They have a unique right AV valve - its a muscular flap, not a valve Therefore, right sided heart failure is more common in birds
39
Is the left Av valve in birds unique
It is tricuspid
40
Birds what is the importance of the renal portal system
Caudal 1/2 of bird - if given any drug that causes renal problems/toxicity, this can be very dangerous as the renal portal system will bring the drug first to the kidneys and then to the circulation, so it causes renal damage
41
Do birds have a larger or smaller stroke volume compared to mammals
Larger
42
Is birds’ cardiac output lower or higher than mammals
Higher! 7x greater than dogs or humans relative to size
43
Birds have increased collagen fibers in their cardiovascular system which means
Stiffer arteries to improve blood flow and maintain high blood pressure
44
Do birds have a well developed purkinje fibre system
Yes - important because their myocardium is more sensitive to the effects of catecholamines
45
Do birds have high myoglobin content in muscles
Yes
46
Can birds shunt blood
No
47
Avian erythrocytes have
Higher hemoglobin affinity
48
Are birds more tolerant of blood loss than mammals
Yes - they have higher Hb affinity and high levels of myoglobin in muscles
49
Do birds have a diaphragm
No
50
Do birds have incomplete trachea rings
No
51
Airsacs contribute to _____% of respiratory volume
80
52
Air sacs act as
Functional bellows
53
Bird lungs expansion/collapse level
Minimal expansion and contraction during respiration - 20% increase in SA compared to mammals
54
(Birds) Minute ventilation rates 1.5-2x _______ compared to mammals due to
Greater , due to large tidal volume
55
Are mammalian or bird lungs more efficient
Birds - 10x more efficient
56
Why are bird lungs more efficient
Thin blood gas barrier Cross and counter current flow Unidirectional air flow
57
Bird - 2 breaths to get the breath out steps
1st breath - air goes into air sacs 2nd breath - air goes into paleopulmonic parabronchi & out
58
Respiratory rates of birds lower or higher than mammals
Lower
59
Is the PaCO2 in birds higher or lower than mammals
Lower
60
Birds have unique intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in lungs that are
Very sensitive CO2 receptors

Physiology (52 decks)

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