Lecture 8 - Voluntary Control of Locomotion

Question 1

What is brain mapping

Answer 1

Applying electrical current to an area of the brain and seeing what happens

Question 2

What is the motor humunculous

Answer 2

A mapping of what areas of the brain/motor cortex control what areas

Question 3

What is a motor sequence

Answer 3

A complex movement can be broken down into a chain of small components - catching a ball- first lift arm, etc

Question 4

Repetitive performance of complex motor sequences allows you to develop

Answer 4

Automation (motor memory)

Question 5

Motor sequence

Answer 5

A sequence of movements programmed by the brain and produced as a unit

Question 6

To create a motor sequence, what happens

Answer 6

The cortex sends general programs to the brainstem and spinal cord. Spinal cord coordinates specific movements

Question 7

Examples of convolutions in brain

Answer 7

Gyri and sulci

Question 8

Cerebral cortex - convolutions allow for

Answer 8

3 times the information to be packed in compared to a perfectly smooth structure

Question 9

Cerebral cortex appearance

Answer 9

Thin outer shell of grey matter with neurons including UMN

Question 10

Left & right cortex are connected by

Answer 10

Corpus callosum, which transfers information between the two halves of the brain

Question 11

Regions of the cortex are grouped into 4 lobes named after the skull bones under which they lie. Name them:

Answer 11

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Question 12

Cerebral cortex is organized into

Answer 12

6 layers

Question 13

Layer 4 of cerebral cortex receives input from

Answer 13

Main input from thalamus

Question 14

Layer 5 of the cerebral cortex’s main output is to

Answer 14

Spinal cord, thalamus, and brain stem

Question 15

Cortex is organized into columns. Cells in layers in columns predominately participate in

Answer 15

A function - ie movement of index finger

Question 16

Where is sensory input relayed from

Answer 16

Afferent neuronal receptors

Question 17

Primary sensory areas (somatosensory, 1° visual, 1° auditory cortices) does the initial cortical processing of

Answer 17

Specific sensory input

Question 18

Higher sensory areas do

Answer 18

Further elaboration and processing of specific sensory input

Question 19

Association areas do

Answer 19

Integration, storage, and use of diverse sensory input for planning of purposeful action

Question 20

Higher motor areas do programming of

Answer 20

Sequences of movement in context of diverse information provided

Question 21

Primary motor cortex does commanding of

Answer 21

Efferent motor neurons to initiate voluntary movement

Question 22

Motor output is relayed through

Answer 22

Efferent motor neurons to appropriate skeletal muscles, which carry out desired action

Question 23

Somatosensory cortex is located posterior to

Answer 23

Central fissure

Question 24

Somatosensory cortex is for simple awareness of

Answer 24

Touch

Question 25

Temperature is handled by the

Answer 25

Thalamus

Question 26

Somatosensory cortex

Question 27

More complex processing of sensation such as localization of touch and intensity is handled by the

Answer 27

Somatosensory cortex

Question 28

Somatosensory cortex projects to

Answer 28

Higher centres (eg posterior parietal lobe) for integration with input from other cortical areas

Question 29

The thalamus participates in sensory detection but can’t tell you

Answer 29

Where you’re feeling it - happens when there’s damage to somatosensory cortex

Question 30

Receptive fields vary depending on

Answer 30

The region innverated

Question 31

Receptive fields of fingers vs upper arm

Answer 31

Fingers have many and upper arm has few

Question 32

Way to test receptive fields

Answer 32

Two-point discrimination task - put calipers on back and spread apart until person can feel there’s two then do same thing on hand with eyes closed - then measure the distance

Question 33

Somatotopic

Answer 33

Body representation

Question 34

Sensory somatotopic map: sensory humunculous

Answer 34

Maps are plastic and can change following training, amputation of a limb, etc

Question 35

Somatosensory input from the limbs is sent from the ________ to the ___________

Answer 35

From the Somatosensory cortex to the association cortices (parietal lobe)

Question 36

Visual input regarding limb position is sent from _______ to _______

Answer 36

Occipital lobe to the parietal lobe

Question 37

A body map is generated which relies on

Answer 37

Both visual and somatosensory input

Question 38

Areas movement is planned in

Answer 38

Supplemental motor, pre-motor, and prefrontal cortex

Question 39

Primary motor cortex is responsible for

Answer 39

Simple movements (like moving ur finger)

Question 40

The pre motor and supplementary motor area generate complex movements by

Answer 40

Chaining together movements produced by the primary motor cortex

Question 41

Are the motor somatotopic and sensory somatotopic map the same?

Answer 41

No, similar, but not identical

Question 42

Where inputs to the motor cortex?

Answer 42

Premotor Cortex, corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex

Question 43

Major output of primary motor cortex

Answer 43

Axons from primary motor cortex Spinal cord (motor neurons & muscles) Brain: cerebellum, brainstem, basal ganglia

Question 44

What Corticospinal tract is involved in coordinating fine movement tasks

Answer 44

Lateral Corticospinal tract

Question 45

Precision vs power grip

Answer 45

Precision grip is precise, power grip is just for strength

Question 46

Is the motor cortex active during power grip

Answer 46

No, different neurons active in power grip.

Question 47

Is motor cortex active during precision grip

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

Is the motor cortex active during movement

Answer 48

Only active in planning & executing movement

Question 49

If a cat is walking up to an obstacle, will it hit the obstacle with hind limbs when walking by?

Answer 49

No, as the brain has noted it and will send signals to avoid it

Question 50

Basal ganglia consist of

Answer 50

4 large subcortical nuclei that participate in control of movement

Question 51

Do basal ganglia have direct input or output with the spinal cord?

Answer 51

NO

Question 52

Where is basal ganglia’s input/output?

Answer 52

Input - from cortex Output - to thalamus and then on to cortex

Question 53

3 theories on basal ganglia function

Answer 53

- facilitate and inhibit various movements -compares motor commands with what body is doing - initiation of automatically generated movement sequences

Question 54

Is Parkinson’s disease documented in animals other than humans?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

Lesion studies involving the basal ganglia show that

Answer 55

Basal ganglia plays a key role in movement selection