lecture 28

Question 1

Identify the tissue type that makes up the olfactory epithelium

Answer 1

Made up of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
* Has olfactory sensory neurons, supporting columnar epithelial cells, and olfactory stem cells

Question 2

Describe the functions of the olfactory sensory neurons, supporting columnar epithelial cells, and olfactory stem cells

Answer 2

 Olfactory sensory neurons – are specialized cells in the nose to detect and transmit information about odors
 Supporting columnar epithelial cells - To support and cushion the neurons
 Olfactory stem cells – what works to replace the olfactory sensory neurons constantly throughout the lifespan

Question 3

 Identify the cerebral lobe in which the primary olfactory cortex is located

Answer 3

• In the temporal lobe

Question 4

Describe the role that the frontal lobe plays in the olfactory pathway

Answer 4

• receiving processed smell information from the olfactory cortex, allowing for the identification, interpretation, and conscious perception of odors, as well as linking smells to memories and emotions due to its connections with limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus

Question 5

Describe the role that the limbic system plays in the olfactory pathway

Answer 5

• directly receiving olfactory information from the olfactory bulb, allowing for a strong connection between smell and emotion, memory, and other visceral responses

Question 6

the 5 primary taste sensations

Answer 6

 Sweet – many organic chemicals (sugars, alcohols, some amino acids)
 Sour – acids in solution (vinegar)
 Salty – metal ions (NaCl)
 Bitter – alkaloids (caffeine) and some non-alkaloids (aspirin)
 Umami – amino acids glutamate and aspartate (MSG)

Question 7

identify the location and structure of taste buds

Answer 7

the taste buds are sensory organs for taste, and most located on the tongue in the papillae

Question 8

Describe the function of the gustatory epithelial cells and the basal epithelial cells

Answer 8

 Gustatory – are taste receptors and extends to taste pores
 Basal – are stem cells that divide and differentiate into new gustatory epithelial cells

Question 9

the 3 cranial nerves that carry taste signals

Answer 9

• The facial nerve (7) - the front of the tongue
• The glossopharyngeal nerve - the back of the tongue between facial and vagus
• The Vagus nerve - the very back by the pharynx and epiglottis

Question 10

Describe the roles that the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata plays in the taste pathway

Answer 10

• the primary relay station for taste information, receiving sensory inputs from the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves, and then transmitting this taste data to higher brain regions like the thalamus for further processing
  
  • will go to the medulla oblongata of the brain that helps tell what you are eating (what makes you throw up if you drink spoiled milk), then goes up to the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex in the insula (allows us to be aware of the taste)

Question 11

 Identify the cerebral lobe in which the gustatory cortex is located

Answer 11

• The frontal lobe

Question 12

Explain how soundwaves carry information about pitch and loudness

Answer 12

Sound waves carry information about pitch and loudness through their frequency and amplitude together.
* Sound: the compression and decompression of molecules
* Loudness is determined by amplitude
* Pitch is determined by the frequency (how high or low)

Question 13

cochlea

Answer 13

The cochlea will convert sound waves into nerve impulses, which contains the spiral organ which is the receptor organ for hearing
- without this we would not be able to hear

Question 14

Describe the auditory pathway from the auricle to the inner ear

Answer 14

Sounds will first go into the external auditory canal through the auricle. Then it will go through the tympanic membrane (eardrum), it will then go through the auditory ossicles which transmits the vibrations to the oval window and moves then to the cochlea and cochlear nerve to then carry it to the brain stem to send to the body.

Question 15

Identify the cranial nerve that carries auditory signals

Answer 15

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 16

Describe the role that the inferior colliculus plays in the auditory pathway

Answer 16

It plays a role as a crucial relay point to receive auditory information from the brainstem and then integrate it to send signals to the thalamus, and function to

Question 17

Identify the cerebral lobe in which the primary auditory cortex is located

Answer 17

The temporal lobe

Question 18

Distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium

Answer 18

Static – detects movement of the head in vertical and horizontal planes. The receptors are in the vestibule
Dynamic – detects changes in head rotation. The receptors are in the semicircular canal

Question 19

Identify the receptor organs for each type of equilibrium

Answer 19

• Receptor organ for the static equilibrium is the vestibule
• Receptor organ for the dynamic equilibrium is the semicircular canal

Question 20

anatomy and function of the auricle

Answer 20

a funnel-shaped structure made primarily of cartilage and skin that functions to collect sound waves and direct them into the ear canal

Question 21

anatomy and function of the external acoustic meatus

Answer 21

a tubular passage within the outer ear that functions to collect and direct sound waves towards the tympanic membrane (eardrum), essentially acting as a conduit for sound transmission to the middle ear
- can trap pathogens in the ear wax that are trying to come into the ear

Question 22

anatomy and function of the tympanic membrane

Answer 22

a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear, acting as a vital component in hearing by vibrating when sound waves hit it, thus transmitting those vibrations to the tiny bones (ossicles) in the middle ear which then send the sound signal to the inner ear for processing

Question 23

anatomy and function of the pharyngotympanic tube

Answer 23

a canal connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx (back of the throat), primarily functioning to equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum by allowing air to move in and out as needed, typically during swallowing or yawning; it also helps drain secretions from the middle ear into the nasopharynx
- connects the pharynx to the tympanic membrane, this opens when we yawn and is what makes our ears pop

Question 24

anatomy and function of auditory ossicles

Answer 24

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup), are three tiny bones located in the middle ear that function to transmit and amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window of the inner ear

Question 25

anatomy and function of the vestibule

Answer 25

a central cavity located within the inner ear, primarily responsible for detecting linear acceleration and gravity, thus playing a crucial role in maintaining balance by sending information about head position to the brain through the vestibular nerve

Question 26

anatomy and function semicircular canal

Answer 26

three fluid-filled, bony tubes located within the inner ear, responsible for detecting rotational head movements and maintaining balance by sending signals to the brain about the head's position during rotation

Question 27

anatomy and function of the spiral organ of the cochlea

Answer 27

responsible for the transduction of sound waves into electrical signals that are interpreted by the brain as hearing

Question 28

anatomy and function of the stereocilia of the cochlea

Answer 28

specialized, hair-like projections found on sensory cells in the inner ear, primarily within the cochlea, that function to convert mechanical energy from sound waves into electrical signals, enabling hearing and balance by reacting to fluid movement within the ear