Lecture 28- Integration of metabolism

Question 1

5 central themes that serve as strategic guidelines for the organization of metabolism

Answer 1

ATP is the universal source of the chemical energy
Atp is created from oxidation of fuels
NADPH is the major electron donor in reductive Biosynthesis
Biomolecules are assembled from smaller building blocks
Biosynthetic and degradative pathways do not occur simultaneouslyby

Question 2

6 recurring strategies of Metabolic Pathways

Answer 2

Allosteric Regulation
Covalent modification
Altering enzyme levels
Isoenzymes
Compartmentation
Metabolic specialization of the organs

Question 3

What metabolic pathways occurs solely in the cytosol

Answer 3

Glycolysis
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
FA Synthesis
Glycogen metabolism

Question 4

What metabolic pathways occurs solely in the mitochondria

Answer 4

TCA Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
FA oxidation
ketone synthesis and utilization

Question 5

What metabolic pathways occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria

Answer 5

Gluconeogenesis

Ure Synthesis

Question 6

Substrate for Glycolysis

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

Substrate(s) for TCA cycle

Answer 7

Pyruvate, acetyl CoA

Question 8

Substrate(s) for Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 8

NADH, FADH2. O2

Question 9

Substrate(s) for pentose phosphate Pathway

Answer 9

Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 10

Substrate(s) for glycogen synthesis

Answer 10

glucose-1-phosphate

Question 11

Substrate(s) for glycogen degradation

Answer 11

glycogen

Question 12

Substrate(s) for FA degradation

Answer 12

FAs

Question 13

Substrate(s) for Gluconeogenesis

Answer 13

alanine, lactate, glycerol

Question 14

Substrate(s) for urea synthesis

Answer 14

ammonia, aspartate, bicarbonate

Question 15

product(s) of Glycolysis

Answer 15

pyruvate, 2NADH, 2ATP, 2 pyruvate

Question 16

product(s) of TCA cycle

Answer 16

2ATP, 6NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2, H2O

Question 17

product(s) of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 17

ATP, H2O

Question 18

product(s) of pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 18

pentoses, NADPH, CO2

Question 19

product(s) of glycogen synthesis

Answer 19

glycogen

Question 20

product(s) of glycogen degradation

Answer 20

Glucose-1-P, glucose

Question 21

product(s) of fatty acid synthesis

Answer 21

fatty acids and triglycerides

Question 22

product(s) of fatty acid degradation

Answer 22

acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2

Question 23

product(s) of gluconeogenesis

Answer 23

glucose

Question 24

product(s) of urea synthesis

Answer 24

urea

Question 25

What are the four metabolites that serve as branch point for integration pf carbs, lipids, and aa metabolism?

Answer 25

Glucose-6-phosphate Pyruvate Glutamate Acetyl-CoA

Question 26

What is the major fuel reserve for the liver in the fed state?

Answer 26

amino Acids

Question 27

What is the major fuel reserve for the skeletal muscles in the fed state?

Answer 27

glucose. FAs

Question 28

What is the major fuel reserve for the brain/RBC

Answer 28

glucose

Question 29

What is the major fuel reserve for the small intestine in fed state

Answer 29

glutamine

Question 30

What is the major fuel reserve for the kidney in the fed state

Answer 30

FAs, glucose, lactate

Question 31

What is the major fuel reserve for the liver in the fasted state

Answer 31

FAs

Question 32

What is the major fuel reserve for the skeletal muscle in the fasted state

Answer 32

FAs, ketones

Question 33

What is the major fuel reserve for the brain/RBC in the fasted state

Answer 33

glucose/ketones

Question 34

What is the major fuel reserve for the Small intestines in fasted state

Answer 34

glutamine and ketones

Question 35

What is the major fuel reserve for the kidney in the fasted state?

Answer 35

FAs, ketones, glutamine

Question 36

What metabolic process occurs in the fed and fasted state in the liver

Answer 36

glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 37

What does insulin do to adipose tissue?

Answer 37

stimulates GLUT 4 and lipoprotein lipase

Question 38

What does glucagon, epinephrine, and ACTH do to adipose tissue?

Answer 38

stimulates hormone-sensitive lipase (inhibited by insulin)

Question 39

What enzymes have increased activity with dephosphorylation?

Answer 39

``` PFK2 pyruvate dehydrogenase pyruvate kinase glycogen synthase acetyl-CoA carboxylase ```

Question 40

What enzymes are inhibited by insulin

Answer 40

G6Pase | PEPCK

Question 41

What enzyme have increased activity with phosphorylation?

Answer 41

FBPase2 | Glycogen Phosphorylase

Question 42

What enzyme have decreased activity with phosphorylation?

Answer 42

pyruvate kinase pyruvate DH acetyl-coa carboxylase glycogen synthase

Question 43

What enzyme are synthesized in response to cAMP and glucocorticoids

Answer 43

Glu-6-pase PEPCK urea cycle enzyme