Lecture 2A

Question 1

are required in large amounts (in culture
media, usually represented in gram-amounts)

Answer 1

Macronutrients

Question 2

are required in minute amounts (in
culture media, usually represented in milligram-amounts)

Answer 2

Micronutrients

Question 3

Examples of Macronutrients

Answer 3

O and H, usually from H2O

Question 4

Other macronutrients needed by cells (but typically in smaller amounts)

Answer 4

Phosphorus
Suflur
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium and sodium

Question 5

for nucleic acids and phospholipids; usually incorporated as phosphate

Answer 5

Phosphorus

Question 6

in the amino acids cysteine and methionine and also in several vitamins,
including thiamine, biotin, and lipoic acid

Answer 6

Sulfur

Question 7

Sulfur is commonly incorpated as

Answer 7

• Sulfate
• Sulfide
• Organic sulfur compounds

Question 8

required for the activity of several enzymes

Answer 8

Potassium (K)

Question 9

stabilizes ribosomes, membranes and nucleic acids and
also required for the activity of many enzymes.

Answer 9

Magnesium (Mg)

Question 10

are essential nutrients for only a few organisms,
such as the NaCl requirement of most marine microorganisms.

Answer 10

Sodium and Chloride

Question 11

What does magnesium stabilizes?

Answer 11

• Membrane
• Nucelic acid
• Proteins

Question 12

is needed in the largest amount (50% of a cell’s dry
weight)

Answer 12

C (Carbon)

Question 13

are next (combined, 25% of dry weight), and N follows (13%).

Answer 13

O and H

Question 14

Elements that are essential to microorganisms

Answer 14

• H, C, N, O, P, S, Se

Question 15

Essential cations/aniones

Answer 15

• Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca

Question 16

At least ______ other elements either are required by one or
more microorganisms or, if not required, are still metabolized in some way

Answer 16

50

Question 17

Carbon source from ____ compounds for most prokaryotes

Answer 17

Organic

Question 18

the breakdown of polymeric substances

Answer 18

Catabolism

Question 19

Bulk of nitrogen available in nature is as

Answer 19

• Ammonia
• NH3
• NO3
• N

Question 20

Metals needed in _____________ amounts

Answer 20

very small

Question 21

is primary micronutrient because of role in ________________

Answer 21

Fe

Question 22

Trace metals (metallic) serve as enzyme ____

Answer 22

cofactors

Question 23

_____ of the cell membrane serves as a challenge for nutrient transport.

Answer 23

Impermeability

Question 24

GLUT

Answer 24

Glucose-facilitated diffusion transporter

Question 25

Steps of GLUT-1

Answer 25

- Glucose binds to site - Transport protein shifts - Glucose is relased inside, protein returns to original conformation

Question 26

types of Potassium channels

Answer 26

1. Calcium-activated potassium channel 2. Inwardly rectifying potassium channel 3. Tandem pore domain potassium channel 4. Voltage-gated potassium channel

Question 27

used for signaling pathwat (nerve impulses/AP)

Answer 27

Sodium channel

Question 27

Toxins that block sodium channel

Answer 27

- TTX (Tetrodotoxin) - STX (Saxitoxin)

Question 28

Has on effect on sodium but not on potassium

Answer 28

TTX

Question 29

produces dinoflagellato (shellfish) - potent natural toxin

Answer 29

STX

Question 30

bind to external binding site making it toxic

Answer 30

TTX and STX

Question 31

first to identfiied aquaporin

Answer 31

Dr. peter agre

Question 32

a type of protein that helps move water, glycerol, and other small molecules across cell membranes

Answer 32

Aquaglycerolprotein

Question 33

ion bearer - usually microbial origin - transport ion down the chemical gradient

Answer 33

Ionphores

Question 34

Two basic type of ionphores

Answer 34

Channel formers Mobile carriers

Question 35

Representative examples of Ionophores

Answer 35

- valinomycin - 2,4-dinitrophenol - 18-crown-6 - nystatin

Question 36

- 12-unit (dodeca) depsipeptide where amino acid peptide bonds are alternated with amino alcohol ester bonds

Answer 36

Valinomycin

Question 37

enantiomers that is composed by valinomycin

Answer 37

D- and L-valine

Question 38

- channel-forming ionophore that creates a hydrophobic pore across a membrane - allow for the rapid facilitated diffusion of various ions that depend on the dimensions of the pore.

Answer 38

Nystatin

Question 39

Nystatin binds to ____, thus targeting fungi in the presence of animal cells

Answer 39

Ergosterol

Question 40

Kþ ionophore

Answer 40

Valinomycin

Question 41

proton ionophore

Answer 41

2,4-dinitrophenol

Question 42

synthetic crown

Answer 42

ether 18-crown-6

Question 43

the channel forming ionophore

Answer 43

nystatin

Question 44

utilizes energy, often in the form of ATP, to drive solute uptake against its gradient resulting in a net accumulation of the solute

Answer 44

active transport

Question 45

Basic mechanisms cell membrane transport in prokaryotic cell

Answer 45

Simple transport Group translocation ABC transport systems

Question 46

consist only of one transmembrane transport protein

Answer 46

simple transport

Question 47

employs a series of proteins in the transport event

Answer 47

group translocation

Question 48

components of ABC transport systems

Answer 48

- substrate binding proteins - Transmembrane transporter - ATP hydrolyzing protein

Question 49

Transmembrane component of all transport systems is composed of a __________ that weave back and forth through the membrane to form a channel

Answer 49

Polypeptide containing 12 domains

Question 50

Transport is linked to a _______________ in this transmembrane protein

Answer 50

conformational change

Question 51

Drives chemical translocation

Answer 51

PEP

Question 52

PEP

Answer 52

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 53

Simple active transport reactions (secondary active transport) are driven by the energy inherent in the

Answer 53

Proton motive force (PMF)

Question 54

electro-chemical difference created by protons

Answer 54

Proton motive force

Question 55

Different way that group translocation differs from simple transport

Answer 55

1. Transported susbtance is chemically modified 2. Energy-rich organic compounds

Question 56

Components of glucose transport system

Answer 56

- Enzyme (Enz) I - Enzymes IIa IIb and IIc - HPr

Question 57

Steps of phosphotranferase system in E. coli

Answer 57

PE-P -> Hpr -> Enzyme II a -> Enzyme II b -> Enzyme II c

Question 58

Where does phosphate comes from

Answer 58

PE-P activation of glucose

Question 59

- Transport systems that employ a periplasmic binding protein along with transmembrane and ATP-hydrolyzing components are called

Answer 59

ABC transport systems

Question 60

Structural feature of proteins that bind ATP

Answer 60

ATP-binding proteins

Question 61

Other mechanisms of moving solutes in and Out of the cell (in eukaryotes)

Answer 61

Pinocytosos Phagocytosis Exocytosis