Lecture 3

Question 1

What is context?

Answer 1

A set of stimuli that are in the background when learning takes place
- Different stimuli = different contexts
Context provides information about
- the situation we are in
- what the likely outcome of our behaviour will be

Question 2

Discriminative stimulus - SD

Answer 2

• Stimulus, when present, that signals that the behaviour is likely to be reinforced or punished
  Only getting food when the light turns red
  Presence of a teacher
  Red traffic light
• Punishment and reinforcement SD

Question 3

Stimulus delta

Answer 3

Stimulus that, when present, signals that the behaviour will not be reinforced or punished
- Doing a behaviour when Sdelta is present leads to nothing happening
- Taxi with passenger
- No staff at counter

Question 4

Behavioral contingency

Answer 4

• These stimulus are present when response is happening
• Reinforcement of SD and extinction at Sdelta
• These stimulus influence our behaviour

Question 5

Discrimination Training

Answer 5

• Training during which a behaviour is reinforced/punished in the presence of one stimulus and at the same time extinguished/allowed to recover in the presence of another stimulus

Question 6

Stimulus Control

Answer 6

• When a behaviour is performed more frequently in the presence of one stimulus than in the presence of another stimulus
• Same as stimulus discrimination
• Result of discrimination training
• Control refers to the likelihood of a response happening due to the present stimulus
  Talking when youre home vs in class

Question 7

How does behaviour change with stimulus control?

Answer 7

• A stimulus that always proceeds a positive or negative reinforcement contingencies acquires casual functions
• A stimulus that always proceeds positive or negative punishment acquires suppressive functions on behaviour

Question 8

What is the difference between differential reinforcement/punishment and SD?

Answer 8

• Differential reinforcement/punisher focuses on response classes, their function
• SD is the presentation of different stimulus for one behaviour

Question 9

Incidental teaching

Answer 9

• The planned use of
• behavioural contingencies,
• differential reinforcement, and
• discriminative training
• in the student everyday life

Say a red car, and you get the red car

Question 10

Concept-training procedure

Answer 10

• Reinforcing/punishing a response
• in the presence of one stimulus class
• and extinguishing it
• or allowing it to recover
• in the presence of another stimulus class

Question 11

What is stimulus class?

Answer 11

A set of stimuli that have some common physical characteristics
- Includes stimuli that have previously been experienced and novel stimuli
- Similar dog breeds

Question 12

Conceptual stimulus control

Answer 12

• We respond in a similar way to all stimuli in a stimulus class
• Even to new stimuli that we have not yet encountered
• We do not respond in the same way to stimuli outside that stimulus class
  Dogs vs cats

Question 13

Stimulus generalization

Answer 13

• When a behaviour thats has been reinforced in the presence of a specific SD, is also performed in the presence of other similar stimuli
• Similar SD can trigger the same response
  Scared of one dog breed, scared of similar dog breeds

Question 14

What is imitation?

Answer 14

• When the behavior is controlled by a similar behavior of someone else
• Additional physical or verbal prompts can be used
  Cooking, tying your shoelaces
• The behaviour can be reinforced in different ways
  Praise or natural reinforcer(like taste)

Question 15

Prompts

Answer 15

• A supplemental stimulus
• that raises the probability of a correct response
  Physical or verbal

Question 16

Generalized imitation

Answer 16

• Imitation of the response
• of a model
• without previous reinforcement
• of imitation of that response

Book; prompting raising arm, tapped once and the patient followed that

Question 17

What is avoidance?

Answer 17

• A type of reinforcement contingency
• Prevention of a negative reinforcer
  Driving safely
  Shapes behaviour like walking or talking

Question 18

Avoidance-of-loss contingency

Answer 18

• Response-contingent
• prevention of loss
• of a reinforcer
• resulting in increase of that behaviour
  Balancing ice cream while cycling
  Word hard in class or time out

Question 19

Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 19

Specify how often and under what conditions reinforcement take place
- Influence frequency, stability and how quickly the behaviour can be extinguished

Question 20

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 20

Reinforcement follows the behaviour each time
- Strengthen or create behaviours
- Good for shaping behaviours or maintaining different ones

Question 21

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 21

Reinforcement follows the behaviour sometimes
- When behaviour is well established
- Less risk for satiation

Question 22

Fixed-Ratio

Answer 22

• The reinforcement comes when you have performed the behaviour X (same number each time) times
• Post-reinforcement pause
  Length of the pause is proportional to the number of responses one has to make
• Establish slowly to not straining the ratio

Question 23

Variable-Ratio

Answer 23

• The reinforcement comes when you have performed the behaviour X (changes) times
• X is the average number, unknown to the individual
• With or without post-reinforcement pause
  Gambling
  Checking your phone

Question 24

Whats the general rule with reinforcement schedules with new behaviours?

Answer 24

1. CFR to create a new behaviour
2. Go over to FR with small ratios
3. Increase ratios on FR
4. Once behaviour is established with higher ration, switch to VR

Question 25

Fixed Interval

Answer 25

- The reinforcement for the first response comes when a certain time, X, has elapsed since the last opportunity of reinforcement - X is same number each time - Post-reinforcement pause is reduced or eliminated - scallop in a diagram - Number of behaviours doesnt matter Waiting on the buss, frequency increases the closer the time is for the bus to arrive

Question 26

Superstitious behaviour

Answer 26

- Behaving as if the response causes - some specific outcome - when it really doesnt Hitting the ground before a throw Bopping your head to get food Watching a tv-show

Question 27

Variable Interval

Answer 27

- The reinforcement for the first response comes when a certain time, X, has elapsed since the last opportunity of reinforcement - X is an average number - No post-reinforcement paus - Low frequency Pecking - decreases between windows of opportunity

Question 28

Resistance to extinction

Answer 28

- The number of responses or, - the amount of time - before a response extinguishes

Question 29

How does reinforcement schedules effect extinction?

Answer 29

- Intermittent reinforcement makes responses more resistant to extinction than CRF Fixed ratio - High and stable number of responses - Extinction goes medium fast Variable ratio - Very high number of responses - Extinction goes very slow Fixed interval - Average and irregular number of responses - Extinction goes fast Variable interval - Fairly high and stable number of responses - Extinction goes slow

Question 30

Reinforcement and duration

Answer 30

- The reinforcement comes after the behaviour has been performed constantly for a certain period of time - Pushing a lever 3 times, running a marathon

Question 31

What is a behavioral chain?

Answer 31

A sequence of stimuli and behaviours - where each behaviour produces a stimulus that is a reinforcer for that behaviour - that stimulus can also be a SD or operandum for next behaviour SD - signals a certain behaviour is likely to be reinforced Operandum - signals that it is possible for a behaviour to be performed - Task analysis of walking - its components - Dog tricks

Question 32

Forward chaining

Answer 32

- The establishment of the first link in a behavioral chain - with the addition of successive links, - until the final link is acquired From sitting on the floor to walking

Question 33

Total-task presentation

Answer 33

- The simultaneous training of - all links in a behavioral chain Tooth brushing

Question 34

Backward chaining

Answer 34

- The establishment of the final link in a chain - with the addition of proceeding links - until the first link is acquired Putting on clothes

Question 35

What is concurrent contingencies?

Answer 35

- Two or more contingencies available at the same time - Punishment and reinforcement for the same behaviour Disruptive behaviour - give attention or ignore?

Question 36

What is the difference between behavioral chain and shaping?

Answer 36

- Shaping gradually reinforce behaviours to reach a final one - Behavioral chain links two behaviours to each other so that they occur in a specific order

Question 37

What are different types of concurrent contingencies

Answer 37

Compatible responses - 2 physical behaviours at the same time Compatible contingencies - 1 response but with 2 or more contingencies that gives the same outcome - Reading: something interesting or attention Incompatible contingencies - 1 response, 2 contingencies that goes against it - Reading: praise + classmates spits on you Incompatible responses - 2 responses - Reading or Whisper (gives attention from two different people)