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General Physiology > LECTURE 3 > Flashcards

LECTURE 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Two regulatory mechanism

A
  1. nervous system
  2. endocrine system
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2
Q

_____ - conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

____ - secretes hormones
that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth,
and behavior

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

_ are chemical
signals that are secreted into the
circulatory system and communicate
regulatory messages within the body

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Hormones reach all parts of the body,
but only ____ are equipped to
respond

A

target cells

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6
Q

Insect metamorphosis is regulated by
____

A

hormones

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7
Q

Two types of gland

A
  1. exocrine glands
  2. endocrine glands
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8
Q

____ - secrete chemicals into ducts and the
effect is where the duct empties; sweat glands - sweat (evaporative cooling)

A

Exocrine glands

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9
Q

____ - secrete chemical messengers
(hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors

A

endocrine glands

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10
Q

exocrine glands secrete chemicals into ___

A

ducts

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11
Q

Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers to ____

A

blood

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12
Q

In humans, our
development is
regulated by
various ______

A

signaling
pathways

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13
Q

These signaling
pathways are activated by _____

A

specific chemical signaling molecules

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14
Q

Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to ____, triggering specific response pathways

A

target receptors

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15
Q

Types of Intercellular Communication

A
  1. Endocrine Signaling
  2. Paracrine Signaling
  3. Direct signaling
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16
Q

_____ secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

-Relatively slow.

A

endocrine signaling

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17
Q

_____ neurohormones diffuse into the
bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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18
Q

In Neuroendocrine signaling, the ___ diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

neurohormones

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19
Q

Type of endocrine signaling

A
  1. Neuroendocrine signaling
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20
Q

Types of paracrine signaling

A
  1. Autocrine signaling
  2. synaptic SIgnaling
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21
Q

____ secreted molecules
diffuse locally and trigger a response in
neighboring cells.

-Quick response.

A

Paracrine signaling

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22
Q

____ secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine signaling

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23
Q

In ____ neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues

A

Synaptic/Neuronal signaling

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24
Q

In Synaptic/Neuronal signaling, _____
diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target
tissues

A

neurotransmitters

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25
____ : for some signals to be received, the cells must be in direct contact. Either via interacting membrane proteins on two different cells, or through special cell-cell junctions
Direct signaling
26
Types of direct signaling
1. Juxtacrine signaling 2. Signaling through gap junctions 3. Signaling through plasmodesmata
27
Types of secreted signaling molecules:
1. Local regulators 2. Neurotransmitters 3.Neurohormones 4.Pheromones 5. Hormones
28
____ chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion - help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction
Local regulators
29
Local regulators are divided into two types:
1. Paracrine signals 2. Autocrine signals
30
_____ act on cells near the secreting cell
Paracrine signals
31
____ act on the secreting cell itself
Autocrine signals
32
______ proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation
Growth Factors
33
_____ play a role in immune responses
Cytokines
34
- acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons - kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by WBCs -dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells
Nitric oxide (NO)
35
- modified fatty acids -secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth -promote fever and inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain -regulate aggregation of platelets (early step in blood clot formation)
Prostaglandins
36
prostaglandins is what type of signaling molecule?
Local regulator
37
- secreted by neurons at many synapses -diffuse a very short distance -bind receptors on target cells -play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement Example: Acetylcholine (ACh) – muscle contraction
Neurotransmitter
38
- secreted by neurosecretory cells -diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
Nuerohormones
39
Example of Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine - for muscle contraction
40
Example of neurohormones
ADH (vasopressin) – increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction (ADH)
41
A type of neurohormones ____ that increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction (ADH)
ADH (vasopressin)
42
____ chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species
Pheromones
43
Use of pheromones
1. Mark trails leading to food 2. defining territories 3. warning of predators 4. attracting potential mates
44
____ chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants
Hormones
45
Use of hormones:
1. body’s chemical messengers 2. regulate growth and development 3. control the function of various tissues 4. support reproductive functions 5. regulate metabolism 6. slow acting but long lasting
46
____ -chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body - reach all parts of the body, but only target cells have receptors for that hormone
Animal hormones
47
_____ inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity
o Negative feedback loop
48
- reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response
Positive feedback
49
The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have:
1. Different receptors for the hormone 2. Different signal transduction pathways 3. Different proteins for carrying out the response
50
same hormones, but different receptors means
different effect to the muscle, tissue, or organ
51
same hormones, same receptor, but different impact to different organs
korek
52
Three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates:
1. Polypeptides (proteins and peptides) 2. Amines derived from amino acids 3. Steroid hormones
53
water-soluble class of hormone
polypeptide and amines
54
Lipid soluble class of hormones
steroid hormones and other largely non-polar hormones
55
example of polypeptide
insulin and epinephrine
56
example of steroids
cortisol and thyroxine
57
Insulin-like growth factors major sites of production?
liver and cartilages
58
Insulin-like growth factors major actions?
growth and cell division
59
Nitric oxide major site production:
1. endothelium of blood vessels 2. neurons 3. macrophages
60
Nitric oxide major actions
dilation of blood vessel
61
endothelins major sites productions ?
endothelium of blood vessels, other organs
62
endothelins major actions
constrictions of blood vessels and other effects
63
Platelet-derived growth factor major sites of production
1. platelets 2. macrophages 3. vascular smooth muscle cells
64
Platelet-derived growth factor major action
cell division with blood vessel
65
epidermal growth factors major sites production
epidermal tissues
66
epidermal growth factors major actions
cell division in wound healing
67
Neurotrophins major site of production
1. schwann cells 2. neurons
68
Neurotrophins major actions
regeneration of peripheral nerves
69
Bradykinin major site production
endothelium of blood vessels
70
Bradykinin major actions
dilation of blood vessels
71
Interleukins (cytokines) major site production
1. Macrophages 2. lymphocytes
72
Interleukins (cytokines) major actions
regulation of immune system
73
Prostaglandins major site production
many tissue
74
___ hormones are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors - They bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of the target cells
Water-soluble hormones
75
____ has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress - triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in therelease of glucose into the bloodstream
epinephrine
76
____ diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells
Lipid-soluble hormones
77
Signaling by any of these hormones involves 4 key events:
1. Reception 2. Signal Transduction 3. Response 4. Amplification
78
_____ - detection of a signal in the environment
Reception
79
____ – activating a series of proteins inside the cell
Signal transduction
80
____ – change in behavior that occurs inside the cell
Response
81
____ refers to the duration of the time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half
half life of a hormone
82
_____ involves the hormones- secreting tissues and organs of the body
endocrine system
83

General Physiology (4 decks)

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