Lecture 3

Question 1

What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)?

Answer 1

Patterns recognized by innate immune receptors

Question 2

What are Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?

Answer 2

Receptors that recognize PAMPS

Question 3

What are Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPS)?

Answer 3

Self-produced patterns recognized by innate immune receptors (made as a result of cell damage, etc.)

Question 4

What are the 5 types of PRRs?

Answer 4

1. Toll-like Receptors
2. Lectin
3. Scavenger Receptor
4. Cytosolic Innate Receptor
5. Oposonin Receptor

Question 5

What does do Lectin PRRs bind?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates

Question 6

What do Lectin PRRs do?

Answer 6

Stimulate phagocytosis

Question 7

What do Scavenger Receptors bind?

Answer 7

Negatively charged ligands

Question 8

What do Scavenger Receptors do?

Answer 8

Stimulate phagocytosis

Question 9

What do Cytosolic Innate Receptors bind?

Answer 9

Intracellular PAMPs (RIG-1, cGAS, etc.)

Question 10

What do Cytosolic Innate Receptors do?

Answer 10

Inhibit pathogen and recruit WBC

Question 11

What do Opsonin Receptors bind?

Answer 11

Compliment receptors (CR3/CR4)

Question 12

What do Opsonin Receptors do?

Answer 12

Bind pathogens with opsonins and stimulate phagocytosis

Question 13

What Toll-Like Receptors recognize viruses?

Answer 13

TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9

Question 14

What Toll-Like Receptors recognize bacteria?

Answer 14

TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9

Question 15

What Toll-like Receptors recognize fungi?

Answer 15

TLR1, TLR2

Question 16

What Toll-Like receptors are extracellular?

Answer 16

TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6

Question 17

What Toll-like Receptors are intracellular?

Answer 17

TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9

Question 18

What is the JAK-STAT Pathway?

Answer 18

Two JAK proteins demerits to form a cytokine receptor. When a cytokine binds to the receptor, STAT becomes activated, and translocates to the nucleus to transcribe immune response/inflammatory genes.

Question 19

What does IL-1B do?

Answer 19

Increases vascular permeability

Question 20

What does TNF-a do?

Answer 20

Increases vascular permeability

Question 21

What does IL-6 do?

Answer 21

Increases antibody production

Question 22

What does IL-6 do?

Answer 22

Increases antibody production

Question 23

What does CXCL8 do?

Answer 23

Recruits neutrophils

Question 24

What does IL-12 do?

Answer 24

Activated NK cells

Question 25

What does MyD88 do?

Answer 25

adaptor protein in extracellular Toll-Like Recptor signalling that phosphorylates IRAK1 and IRAK4

Question 26

What do IRAK1 and IRAK4 do?

Answer 26

protein in extracellular Toll-Like Recptor signalling that recruits TRAF6

Question 27

What does TRAF6 do?

Answer 27

protein in extracellular Toll-Like Recptor signalling that activates TAK1

Question 28

# What does TAK1 do? What does TAK1 do?

Answer 28

protein in extracellular Toll-Like Recptor signalling whose ubiquination recruits IKKa/b

Question 29

What does IKKa/b do?

Answer 29

protein in extracellular Toll-Like Recptor signalling that phosphorylates (done by IKKb specifically) IkB, who degrades to release the bound NFkB

Question 30

What does NFkB do?

Answer 30

protein in extracellular Toll-Like Recptor signalling that translocates to the nucleus to stimulate cytokine production

Question 31

What are the adaptor proteins in intracellular toll-like receptor signalling?

Answer 31

TRIF and TRAF3

Question 32

What are the interferon transcription factors in intracellular toll-like receptor signalling?

Answer 32

IRF3 and IRF7

Question 33

what is the outcome of extracellular toll-like receptor signalling?

Answer 33

cytokine production

Question 34

What is the outcome of intracellular toll-like receptor signalling?

Answer 34

interferon production

Question 35

What do interferons do?

Answer 35

stimulate NK cells and protective mechanisms

Question 36

What do NK cells do? | How do they do it? What enzymes? What inhibits this function?

Answer 36

- kill infected cells with perforins (puncture holes in cell membrane) and granzymes (stimulate apoptosis) - inhibited in healthy cells by CD94:NKG2A, NKG2D and 2B4

Question 37

What are the steps of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 37

1. Tethering 2. Rolling 3. Activation 4. Firm Adhesion | OR... 1. Rolling Adhesion 2. Tight binding 3. diapedsis 4. firm adhesion ## Footnote (depends on the diagram, I have no clue whats going on :D)

Question 38

What do selectins do?

Answer 38

found on the membrane surafce, and bind to carbohydtraes on the neutrophil, initiating rolling

Question 39

What do chemokines do (in leukocyte recruitment specifically) | What step do they initiate

Answer 39

neutrophil is attracted to chemokines on the membrane surface, initiating pause and activation

Question 40

What do integrins do?

Answer 40

bind to compliment proteins on the membrane surafce, which causes full arrest of the neutrophil (it can then move through the membrane)

Question 41

What are the components of toll-like receptors? (2) | Whats its overall shape?

Answer 41

1. leucine-rich repeats (LRRs): for ligand binding 2. Toll-IL-1 Receptor (ITRs): initiates signalling process its in an overall C form.

Question 42

In order to activate and initiate signalling, toll-like receptors must ________.

Answer 42

dimerize