Lecture 3 Flashcards
models in psychopathology (24 cards)
biological model
mental illness is just like any physical disease, it has an organic cause
classification for mental illness is the same as physical disease
treatments in physical forms will cure the problem
identifiable biological causes
scientific method based on medicine - psychiatry
explains things in terms of brain abnormalities
biochemical imbalances - hormones or neurotransmitters
congenital risk factors
advantages of the biological model
lead to more humane treatment
development of the classification system
a sicuetific approach to study abnormal behaviour
technological advances such as CT, MRI and PET scans
MRI scans
measure brain activity by detecting brain flow to areas of the brain.
detects changes in the oxygen levels, more oxygen = more blood flow to that area, therefore a more active area
PET scans
uses a radioactive substance known as a tracer to look for disease or damage in the brain. it shows how the brain and its tissues are working
fMRI scans
measures the changes in flow when a person is performing a task
CT scans
uses x-ray beams to produce a series of images of the brain from different angles
issues with the biological model
cannot explain all psychopathologies
abnormal behaviour cannot always be organised into discrete categories
medication has side effects and a tendency to over treat mild disorders
mental health legalisation can be abused to limit the freedom of people with psychological problems
issues of stigma
doesn’t take into account individual differences
reductionists
psychodynamic model
due to the unconscious influences of the mind
behaviour is the result of conflicts between the id, ego and superego
ID
present at birth
the pleasure principle
immediate satisfaction
reliefs tension
unconsciously driven
instinctual drives
Ego
develops in the first months
reality orientated
planning and decision making
mediates between immediate gratification and what can be achieved in reality
Superego
develops throughout childhood
moral conscience
polices the conflict between id and ego
defence mechanisms
repression, regression, projection, fixation, denial, displacement, sublimation, rationalisation, reaction formation
psychosexual stages of development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
too much or too little gratification a each stage can cause conflict
each stage has conflict as the id tries to be satisfied
advantages of the psychodynamic model
a framework for understanding abnormal behaviour
a talking cure for mental health
importance of relationships
discovery and role of unconscious mechanisms
limitations of the psychodynamic model
untestable hypothesis
little evidence for effectiveness
no longer part of mainstream clinical practice
psychoanalysis is too long and too expensive
behavioural model
behaviour is not the symptom but the problem
classical conditioning - pavlov
stimulus and réponse - association
unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response
neutral stimulus + UCS –> UNR
conditioned response –> conditioned response
operant conditioning - skinner
Positive reinforcement - reward a behaviour to encourage more of that behaviour
Negative reinforcement - reward to stop behaviour
Punishment - punishment behaviour to prevent a behaviour from happening
Extinction - decreasing behaviour by removing positive reinforcer when behaviour occurs
Learning theory only explains anxiety disorders
Phobias are rational fears that required through conditioning
Any neutral stimulators capable of being transformed through conditioning into a phobic stimulus
Phobic behaviour represents a conditioned avoidance reaction
This is led to the development of a number of useful behavioural treatment such as systematic desensitisation, behavioural therapy, behavioural modification
cognitive model
It is the meaning of events more than the event themselves that trigger a behaviour
The same different emotional responses in different
Distorted thinking or negative influence behaviours
Distorted thinking leads to disorders
Cognition shapes are behaviour and emotions
Cognitive distortions or errors in thinking
for example, depressed people may have an overly negative view of the world, leading to exaggerating the significance of a negative event and therefore lead to maladaptive behaviour and emotional problems
Diathesis stress model
Diathesis - vulnerability or predisposition to develop a certain disorder
Stress - anything that exposes vulnerable predisposition is a stressor
Interaction model
Exposure to a stress trigger disorder in a person with vulnerability
A person can be protected from stresses that are likely to trigger a condition
