Lecture 3

Question 1

Define arthology

Answer 1

Study of joints
Anatomy, function, disease and treatment

Question 2

Synovial vs solid joint

Answer 2

Synovial separated by a cavity
Solid no cavity uses connective tissue

Question 3

Types of solid joint

Answer 3

Fibrous and cartilaginous

Question 4

Types of cartilage

Answer 4

Hyaline - joint
Fibrocartilage - resist tension and compression, IVD, collagen fibres
Elastic - resistant to pressure, ear

Question 5

Types of connective tissue

Answer 5

Cartilage
Skeletal muscle - movement and stability
Fibrous tissue - joint capsule, muscle fascia and tendons
Tendon - muscle to bone, transmit forces
Ligament - bone together, stability dense

Question 6

Fibrous joints

Answer 6

Suture - skull, held by strong fibres, immobile
Gomphosis - teeth, anchor to jaw with fibres, immobile
Syndesmosis - connect parallel, slight mobility

Question 7

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

Synchondrosis - NOF, hyaline cartilage
Symphysis - spine, pubic synthesis - fibrocartilage, disc strengthened by surrounding ligaments, bone ends covered in hyaline cartilage

Question 8

Things in all synovial joints

Answer 8

Cavity
Two bows
Hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid

Question 9

Synovial joint accessory feature

Answer 9

Menisci
Fat pads
Bursa
Tendons or muscles
Ligaments
Sesamoid bones

Question 10

Describe hyaline cartilage

Answer 10

Prevent bone bone contact
Thinning means arthritis
Not seen on X-rays
Decrease friction so protection
Thickness depends on forces

Question 11

Describe menisci

Answer 11

Fibrocartilage discs within larger joints
Intra capsular structures
Increase joint surface on bones
Shock absorption
Increase ROM
prone to injury

Question 12

Describe bursae

Answer 12

In high friction sites
Closed sac of synovial membrane
Minimal synovial fluid

Question 13

Sites of high friction

Answer 13

Tendon/bone
Muscle/bone
Ligament/bone
Skin/bone

Question 14

What is a a tendon sheath

Answer 14

Length of synovial membrane surrounding tendon

Question 15

What is a Sesamoid bone

Answer 15

Form within tendon on stress site
Increase mechanical efficiency by acting as pulley for tendons to slide over when transmitting force

Question 16

Types of synovial joint

Answer 16

Condylar
Plane/gliding
Hinge
Ball and socket
Saddle
Pivot

Question 17

Describe condylar joint

Answer 17

Biaxial
Rounded within cup shape
Eg TMJ

Question 18

Describe plane joint

Answer 18

Uniaxial
Flat
Gliding only
In groups
Eg SIJ and proximal TiB fib

Question 19

Describe hinge joint

Answer 19

Uniaxial
Like door hinge
Eg elbow, interphalangeal

Question 20

Describe ball and socket

Answer 20

Multiaxial
Ball deep within another socket
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Eg hip

Question 21

Describe saddle

Answer 21

Biaxial
Flexion, extension, rotation
Eg ankle

Question 22

Describe pivot joint

Answer 22

Uniaxial
Rotation
Long process sit within hole
Eg proximal radioulnar joint

Question 23

Physical joint abnormalities

Answer 23

Subluxation
Dislocation
Hemarthrosis

Question 24

Biological joint abnormalities

Answer 24

OA
RA
dysplasia

Question 25

What is subluxation

Answer 25

Partial dislocation Misalign, not complete separation Can move back on its own Numb, tingling, clicking

Question 26

Dislocation

Answer 26

Bone forced out of normal position Separation

Question 27

What is hemarthrosis

Answer 27

Lipohaemoarthrosis - fat and blood collects Pain swelling and limited ROM

Question 28

What is OA

Answer 28

Chronic Less joint space Pain clicking, need surgery Common in knee

Question 29

What is RA

Answer 29

autoimmune Inflamed joints Pain stiffness, need steroids Common in hands

Question 30

What is dysplasia

Answer 30

Acetabulum and femoral head out of place Ball not in socket Lack of blood supply = cold, pain, can’t walk