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PSYC 3420 Motivation > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

An environmentally created reason (e.g., incentives or consequences) to engage in an action or activity (do this to get that type of motivation)

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2
Q

What is extrinsic motivation incentive?

A

An environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action. Always precede behavior

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3
Q

What is extrinsic motivation consequence?

A

like an incentive but always follows behavior

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4
Q

What is extrinsic motivation reward?

A

any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for their service or achievement

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5
Q

What is a positive reinforcer?

A

Is any environmental stimulus that, when added increases the future probability of the desired behavior

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6
Q

What is a negative reinforcer?

A

any environmental stimulus that, when removed, increases the future probability of the desired behaviour

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7
Q

What is a positive punisher?

A

any environmental stimulus that, when added, decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior

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8
Q

What is a negative punisher?

A

any environmental stimulus that, when removed decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior (ex. Getting a speeding ticket that takes your license, so you are less likely to speed)

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9
Q

What are extrinsic motivation advantages?

A

Useful strategy to complete a task or meet your academic, personal, or professional goals

Can motivate a whole group, thus increasing productivity in workplace or creating a better learning environment in classrooms

Extrinsic incentives lead to individual benefits (e.g., motivation to study)

Helps motivator understand the individual to get helpful feedback

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10
Q

What are drawbacks of extrinsic motivation?

A

Develops an “I must do” behaviour orientation

Lowers autonomous self-regulation

Affects cognitive skills (e.g., decrease in memory, creativity, and learning)

Can lead to procrastination and lowered productivity in long-term

Undermines intrinsic motivation

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11
Q

What is the intended primary effect of using a reward to engage someone in an activity?

A

To promote compliance

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12
Q

What are the unintended side effects of using a reward to engage someone in an activity?

A

Undermines intrinsic motivation, interferes with the quality & process of learning, & interferes with the capacity for autonomous self-regulation

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13
Q

What is the over-justification effect?

A

Occurs when an external incentive motivation decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior or participate in an activity

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14
Q

What is an example of the over-justification effect?

A

Someone who once enjoyed writing is now less passionate about it after getting a paid job as a journalist

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15
Q

Why does the over-justification effect happen?

A

People pay more attention to the external reward rather than their own enjoyment of the activity and according to Cognitive Evaluation Theory, external rewards decrease a person’s autonomy

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16
Q

What are expected rewards?

A

undermine intrinsic motivation, while unexpected ones do not

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17
Q

What are tangible rewards?

A

rewards, such as money, and food, generally decrease intrinsic motivation, whereas verbal (i.e., intangible) rewards, such as praise and positive feedback, do not

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18
Q

How can autonomous types of extrinsic motivation be promoted through providing rational?

A

explain why the uninteresting activity is important and useful enough to warrant one’s engagement

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19
Q

How can autonomous types of extrinsic motivation be promoted through building interest?

A

Involves first catching one’s situational interest in an activity and then holding that initial interest over time by developing an individual interest in the activity

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20
Q

What is cognitive evaluation theory?

A

Asserts all external events have both a controlling aspect and a competence-informing aspect

The theory presumes that people have psychological needs for autonomy and competence

Posits that extrinsic motivation decreases a person’s autonomy

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21
Q

What is the controlling function of rewards for cognitive evaluation theory?

A

“If you do X then you get Y”
Decreases intrinsic motivation, interferes with learning quality, increases external regulation & undermines self-regulation

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22
Q

What is the informational function of rewards for cognitive evaluation theory?

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A

“Because you were able to do X, that means you are effective & competent”
Increases intrinsic motivation, enhances high-quality learning, & enhances self-regulation

23
Q

What is self-determination theory (SDT)?

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A

states that people are motivated to grow and change by three innate (and universal) psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness)

24
Q

What are the 2 key assumptions of Self-determination theory?

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A

The need for growth drives behaviour

Autonomous motivation is important

25
What are self-determined behaviors?
motivated by intrinsic rewards, driven by enjoyment, interest, or satisfaction, feel in control
26
Non-self-determined behaviors
Motivated by extrinsic rewards, driven by obligation or responsibility, feel a lack of control
27
What is external regulation in self-determination theory?
seeing the cause of behavior as mostly external, lowest level of autonomy, motivated to comply based on external rewards & punishments Ex. Why do u do your homework? Because I'll get in trouble if I don't
28
What is introjected regulation in self-determination theory?
seeing the cause of behaviour as somewhat external and there is some ego-involvement (e.g., self-esteem is affected by the outcome); an element of seeking validation from ourselves or others Ex. Why do u do your homework? Because I want the teacher to think I’m a good student
29
What is identified regulation?
seeing the cause of behavior as somewhat internal and consciously assessing tasks or goals to carry personal value; feeling autonomy and volition Ex. Why do u do your homework? Because I want to understand the subject
30
What is integrated regulation?
the highest level of autonomy; seeing the cause of behaviour as internal and consciously identifying and internalizing the value of tasks or goals; seeing tasks or goals as consistent with personal values and interests Ex. why do u do your homework? Because it’s sometimes fun
31
What is internalization?
Refers to the process through which an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation (rule), behaviour, or value into an internally endorsed one It is a socialization process of taking in beliefs and behaviours from external sources It is also an active, intentional, person-initiated process
32
What is integration?
refers to the further transformation of these internalized values, behaviours, and regulations into the person’s sense of self to the point that they arise from and emanate out of the self With full integration, the person - not the environment and not the society—generates the value, behavior, or regulation
33
What is a lack of competence?
“I can’t effectively perform the required behavior” & “I cannot obtain the desired outcomes”
34
What is a lack of autonomy?
“I am not interested in the task” & “the task has no appeal or meaning to me”
35
What is the lack of relatedness?
“I dislike the people involved with this activity” & “I have no sense of connection with others in this domain”
36
What are the impacts of self-determination theory?
People with self-determination feel more satisfied at work In competitive settings, such as sports and athletics, fostering a sense of self-determination can motivate people to excel Plays an important role in social relationships In school settings, self-determined students are more likely to feel motivated to achieve. They also tend to feel greater levels of competence and satisfaction
37
What are traits of self-determined people?
Believe that they have control over their own lives Have high intrinsic motivation Base their actions on their own goals and behaviors Take responsibility for their behaviors
38
What is intrinsic motivation?
The inherent desire to engage one’s interests and to exercise and develop one’s capacities “I am doing this because it is ... (interesting, fun, enjoyable, etc.) type of motivation
39
What is curiosity?
pushes us to explore and learn for the sole pleasure of learning and mastering
40
What is challenge?
Helps us work at a continuously optimal level work toward meaningful goals. * Control - comes from our basic desire to control what happens and make decisions that affect the outcome
41
What is recognition?
we have an innate need to be appreciated. We feel satisfied when our efforts are recognized and appreciated by others
42
What is cooperation?
cooperating with others satisfies our need for belonging. We also feel personal satisfaction when we help others and work together to achieve a shared goal
43
What is competition?
poses a challenge and increases the importance we place on doing well
44
What is fantasy?
Involves using mental or virtual images to stimulate your behavior
45
What is a psychological need?
an inherent source of motivation that generates the desire to interact with the environment to advance personal growth, social development, and psychological well-being People are inherently active—always in active exchange with their environment People need supportive, rather than hostile, environments
46
What is engagement?
Need satisfaction increases initiative, effort, enthusiasm, and planning
47
What is personal growth?
Need satisfaction increases personal development
48
What is intrinsic motivation?
Need satisfaction increases how interesting and how enjoyable the task is
49
What is internalization?
Need satisfaction increases volitional engagement in uninteresting tasks. Need satisfaction increases a health promoting lifestyle
50
What is health?
Need satisfaction increases a health promoting lifestyle
51
What is well-being?
Need satisfaction increases positive emotion and a sense of purpose
52
What is autonomy?
The psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behavior HALLMARKS : Volition, inner endorsement (ownership) of behavior
53
What is competence?
The psychological need to be effective in one’s interactions with the environment HALLMARKS : Effectiveness, mastery, making progress
54
What is relatedness?
The psychological need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people, and it reflects the desire to be emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved in warm relationships HALLMARKS: Feelings socially connected, giving and receiving benevolence

PSYC 3420 Motivation (5 decks)

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