Lecture 5

Question 1

What is a need?

Answer 1

Any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being

Question 2

What does nurturing & satisfying a need do?

Answer 2

Causes growth, maintains life, & enhances well-being

Question 3

What does neglecting or frustrating a need do?

Answer 3

Need’s thwarting will produce damage that disrupts biological or psychological well being

Question 4

What is a physiological need?

Answer 4

Biological condition in an organism that synchronizes brain structures, hormones, & major organs to regulate bodily well-being

Question 5

What is an example of a physiological need?

Answer 5

Thirst, hunger, and sex

Question 6

What is a psychological need?

Answer 6

An inherent (inborn) psychological process that underlies the proactive desire to seek out interactions that promote personal growth, social development, & psychological well-being

Question 7

What are examples of psychological needs?

Answer 7

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 8

What are implicit motives as a need?

Answer 8

internalized or learned from our emotional & socialization histories

Question 9

What are examples of implicit motives as a need?

Answer 9

Achievement, affiliation & power

Question 10

What is an implicit motive?

Answer 10

They are enduring, unconscious needs that motivate people’s behavior toward the attainment of specific social incentives

Question 11

What is an example of a achievement social incentive for implicit motive?

Answer 11

Doing something well to show personal competence

Question 12

What is an example of a affiliation social incentive for implicit motive?

Answer 12

Opportunity to please others and gain their approval

Question 13

What is an example of a intimacy/affiliation social incentive for implicit motive?

Answer 13

Involvement in a warm and secure relationship

Question 14

What is an example of a power as a social incentive for implicit motive?

Answer 14

Having an impact on others

Question 15

Define implicit

Answer 15

unconscious, implicit social needs (motives) operate unconsciously

Question 16

Define explicit

Answer 16

conscious, explicit social needs operate consciously

Question 17

How are implicit motives acquired?

Answer 17

Implicit motives or social needs are internalized or learned from our emotional and socialization histories (parents praise academic achievement)

Early childhood experiences are important for acquiring implicit motives (as your exposed to certain positive experiences they become more internalized)

Implicit motives are activated by certain social incentives & positive emotions

Culture impacts these motives
Repeating positive experiences that act as a conditioning process
What makes you happy?

Question 18

What traits does someone with a need for achievement have?

Answer 18

someone with a strong achievement need experiences strong interest, enthusiasm, joy, & pride while doing a challenging task

Question 19

What traits does someone with a need for affiliation have?

Answer 19

someone with a strong need for affiliation “needs” to experience positive affect & positive emotions while engaging themselves in a close relationship

Question 20

What traits does someone with a need for power have?

Answer 20

Someone with a strong power need “needs” to experience positive affect & positive emotions when given an opportunity for social impact

Question 21

How can implicit motives be measured?

Answer 21

Murray designed the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) which includes several ambiguous pictures that individuals are asked to create a story about

The current measure is called PSE (picture story exercise) which includes Murray’s pictures & some new variations

The basic idea is that people project their needs and motives into the stories

Question 22

What is an example of a negative experience that can impact the development of achievement?

Answer 22

parents don’t place value or reward you for your achievements

Question 23

What is an example of a negative experience that can impact the development of affiliation?

Answer 23

having someone betray you

Question 24

What is an example of a negative experience that can impact the development of power?

Answer 24

being humiliated

Question 25

What is the need for achievement?

Answer 25

Need or desire to do things well, feel pleasure in overcoming obstacles, to excel, & to live up to high standards

Question 26

What are characteristics of individuals high in need for achievement?

Answer 26

Persist in the face of difficulty, take personal responsibility for successes and failures, more resistant to social pressures and less conforming, more likely to pursue paths of academics, more likely to seek life and career situations that allow them to satisfy this need & get along better with others

Question 27

What are some strengths of projective tests?

Answer 27

lets people express their concerns unlike a self-report

Question 28

What are weaknesses of projective tests

Answer 28

expensive, up for interpretation, other factors could be contributing to the results

Question 29

What are socialization influences on the achievement need?

Answer 29

Independence training, high performance aspirations, realistic and explicit standards of excellence, high ability self-concepts, positive valuing of achievement-related pursuits, a wide scope of experiences like traveling & an exposure to children’s readings rich in achievement imagery

Question 30

What are inhibiting factors for the need for achievement?

Answer 30

Fear of failure, low self-efficacy, lack of support, cultural or social pressure, perfectionism and unrealistic standards & lack of clear goals or direction

Question 31

What are the 3 conditions that satisfy a need for achievement?

Answer 31

Moderately difficult tasks, competition & entrepreneurship (allows them to set their own standard of excellence)

Question 32

What are the developmental influences on the achievement need?

Answer 32

Achievement –related beliefs, values, and emotions all show predictable developmental patterns: Pride following success experiences fuels high achievement strivings, while Shame following failure experiences fuels low achievement strivings

Question 33

What was the need for affiliation conceptualized as in early studies?

Answer 33

establishing, maintaining, or restoring a positive, affective relationship with another person or persons

Question 34

What is the more modern view of affiliation strivings?

Answer 34

now recognizes its two facets: the need for approval and the need for intimacy

Question 35

What is the intimacy motive?

Answer 35

a concern for the quality of one’s social involvement. It is a willingness to “experience a warm, close, and communicative exchange with another person”

Question 36

What is the need-involving condition of the affiliation need?

Answer 36

Deprivation from social interaction: Social isolation and fear

Question 37

What is the duality of affiliation?

Answer 37

Affiliation need – the deficiency-oriented motive Intimacy need – growth-oriented motive

Question 38

What is the need-involving condition of the affiliation need?

Answer 38

deprivation from social interaction: Social isolation and fear

Question 39

What is the need-satisfying condition of the affiliation need?

Answer 39

social acceptance, approval, and reassurance

Question 40

What is the need-involving condition of the intimacy need?

Answer 40

Interpersonal caring, warmth, and love

Question 41

What is the need-satisfying condition of the affiliation need?

Answer 41

relatedness within a warm, close, reciprocal, and enduring relationships

Question 42

What are the characteristics of people with a high need for affiliation?

Answer 42

Perform well under conditions that support their need to be accepted and included, experience high levels of anxiety via a fear of rejection, prefer helping professions, avoid conflict with others, & resist making demands on other people

Question 43

How can the need for affiliation cause fear & anxiety?

Answer 43

people desire to affiliate for emotional support and to see how others handle fear and anxiety

Question 44

How can the affiliation need help establishing interpersonal networks?

Answer 44

people with a high need for affiliation spend time interacting with others, join social groups, and establish stable and long lasting relationships

Question 45

How can the affiliation need help maintain interpersonal networks?

Answer 45

people with high need for affiliation strive to maintain relationships

Question 46

What are the characteristics of people with a high need for intimacy?

Answer 46

Tend to have more one-to-one exchanges with other people, involved in more self-disclosure, likely to engage in mutual sharing of hopes and fears, engage in more laughing, smiling and eye contact with others

Question 47

What are the inhibiting factors for the need for affiliation?

Answer 47

Fear of rejection, early experiences of neglect, social anxiety, attachment insecurity, trauma and trust issues, busy or isolated lifestyle & mental health issues

Answer 48

Tendency to seek out positions of authority or influence and surround themselves with symbols of power, high need to control positive image of self to others, & can have tendency to be narcissistic and self-absorbed

Question 49

What is the need for power?

Answer 49

People high in the need for power desire to have “impact, control, or influence over another person, group, or the world at large” Impact allows power-needing individuals to establish power Control allows power-needing individuals to maintain power Influence allows power-needing individuals to expand their power

Question 50

What is a strength of need for power?

Answer 50

increased goal pursuit

Question 51

What is a weakness of need for power?

Answer 51

Decreased perspective taking (less empathy, more transactional)

Question 52

What is the leadership motive pattern?

Answer 52

A special variant of the need for power, where people are high need for power, low need for affiliation, & high self-control Good results in people in leadership positions such as managers, politician

Question 53

What are the inhibiting factors for the need of power?

Answer 53

Fear of responsibility or leadership, negative past experiences with power, fear of conflict or rejection, overly egalitarian beliefs, low self-esteem, excessive focus on people-pleasing & lack of role model