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Nutrition S > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is included in the replacement or terminal index? list them: 14

A

-Days to slaughter

-Carcase conformation

-Carcase fat

-Maternal days to slaughter

-Maternal carcass conformation

-Maternal carcase fat

-Ewe mature weight

-Maternal lamb survival

-Maternal single lambing ease

-NLB

-Single lambing ease

-Multiple lambing ease

-Lamb survival

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2
Q

What is the maternal weight:

What is the economic value per kg?

What is the replacement %?

A

€0.36

15.93%

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3
Q

What are the advantages of increased ewe size?

A

-Lamb with superior growth rate

-Increased milking ability and prolificacy in some breeds, subject to adequate nutrition

-Increased cull ewe value

-Potential to increase breeding stock value, where larger ewes are in demand

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of increased ewe size? (5)

A

-Increased feed requirements

-Poor performance in a harsh environment

-Increased capacity required for housing

-Heavier, stringer sheep to catch and handle regularly

-Lower stocking density

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5
Q

What are the main reasons to cull? (7)

A
  1. Teeth, not age
  2. Mastitis – no brainer
  3. Barrenness ??? – data/cost/id - repeatability low
    in young ewes
  4. Prolapse – data/id
  5. Thin ewes – BCS and data
  6. Severe foot problems – data/id
  7. Production – data on lamb performance
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6
Q

Whats the average age to cull?

A

4.7

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7
Q

From year 1-4 what does ewes teeth look like?

A

1-1.5- Incisor 1.1 eruption

1.5-2- Incisor 1.2 eruption

2.5-3- Incisor 1.3 eruption

3.5-4- Incisor 1.4 eruption

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8
Q

Effects of Age on progeny performance:

A

As the ewe gets older, the litter size decreases, the Number weaned decreases, the Weight of lamb at birth increases, the weaning weight decreases, the growth rate decreases and lamb mortality % decreases

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9
Q

What are the options for breeding ewe lambs?

A

– Purchase hoggets at 18 months

– Rear or purchase ewe lambs, carry dry over the
first winter and breed as hoggets

– Breed ewe lambs in their first season

Other option
– Purchase ewes with lambs at foot
* Pro’s and con’s

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10
Q

What is the cost associated with rearing a ewe replacement to joining the flock for mating at 18 months?

A

Costs: -ewe lamb 95€
forage 46€
vet€4.4
shearing€2.5
housing€18
mortality€4
miscellanous€2.4
total costs€172.8

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11
Q

What is the sales from rearing a ewe replacement?

A

wool €3
cull carcass value€43.3
total sales€46.4

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12
Q

What is the net cost of rearing a replacement ewe?

A

€126.4

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13
Q

Whats the purchase value for a hogget?

Whate the ewe lamb value of a dry hogget?

Whats the ewe lamb value of a ewe lamb mated?

A

€190

€95

€115

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14
Q

What is the annual replacement cost / mature ewe of a:

-Hogget Purchased

-Dry Hogget

-Ewe lamb mated

A

-Hogget Purchased= €22

-Dry Hogget= €13.75

-Ewe lamb mated= €8

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15
Q

Age of lambing statistics:

-12 months

-24 months

-12 and 24 months

(slide 14)

A

-12 months = 53%

-24 months = 45%

-12 and 24 months = 2%

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16
Q

What type of breeders are sheep?

A

Seasonal breeders

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17
Q

List long season breeders: (6)

A

6-8 months

Finn

Romanov

Rideau

Rambouillet

Polypay

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18
Q

List medium season breeders: (5)

A

4-6 months

Suffolk

Hampshire

Oxford

Canadian

Charolais

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19
Q

List short season breeders (5)

A

North Country Cheviot

Leicester

Scottish Blackface

Texel

Shetland

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20
Q

Reproductive Characteristics of Ewes:

1- Age at puberty

2- Oestrus cycle length

3- Oestrus duration

4- CL Life span

5- Fertilizable life of ova

6- Gestation length

A

1- Age at puberty: 6-9 months (season and weight dependent)

2- Oestrus cycle length: 17 days (14-19)

3- Oestrus duration: 24-36 hours

4- CL Life span: 14 days

5- Fertilizable life of ova: 10-25 hours

6- Gestation length: 147 days (144-153)

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21
Q

Slide 18 Days of Oestrous Cycle :

When is the luteal phase?

When is the follicular phase?

When is the luteal phase?

A

When is the luteal phase?- 10-13

When is the follicular phase?- 14-16

When is the luteal phase?- 0-9

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22
Q

When does luteclysis occur?

When does oestrous occur?

When does ovulation occur?

A

When does luteclysis occur?- 14-15

When does oestrous occur?- 0

When does ovulation occur?- 1

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23
Q

How do you measure performance? (2)

A
  • Lambing percentage:

= (no of lambs born/no of ewes to ram)*100

  • Weaning percentage:

= (no of lambs reared/no of ewes to ram)*100

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24
Q

Whats the average BCS of the flock?

A

2.5-3.5

But mostly 3.5

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25
The effect of BCS on lambing outcome (Crosby) of a ewe is 3.5 how many live lambs will be born? how many spread of lambing days ?
161 43
26
The effect of BCS on lambing outcome (Crosby) of a ewe is 2.5 how many live lambs will be born? how many spread of lambing days ?
130 70
27
What % of farmers BCS their ewes?
59%
28
What % of farmers select rams on genetic indexes?
61%
29
What % of farmers raddling rams at mating?
61%
30
What % of farmers pregnancy scan their ewes?
82%
31
What % of farmers weight their sheep ?
70%
32
What % of farmers faecal sample their sheep?
56%
33
What % of farmers Grass measure ?
11%
34
What % of farmers make silage/hay?
35%
35
What % of farmers soil test?
77%
36
What % of farmers complete profit monitor ?
48%
37
What % of farmers have a handling unit?
54%
38
When BCS ewes, what are the 4 things to take into account?
* No specialised equipment required * Independent of between breed differences in skeletal size * Physiological state * Fleece length or wetness
39
What is the target BCS? -8 weeks before mating -At mating -Lambing -Weaning
-8 weeks before mating: 2.5 minimum -At mating: 3-3.5 (ram 3.5-4 at mating) -Lambing : 3-3.25 -Weaning: 2-2.5
40
Gaining 1 BCS is equivalent to :
an energy gain of 24 MJ/kg live weight
41
Energy used with about ?% efficiency
45%
42
Ewe requires ?MJ per kg gain
55MJ per kg gain
43
If aiming for 10kg LW gain this equates to:
550MJ energy
44
What does a score 1 of a BCS feel like?
The vertical and horizontal processes are prominent and sharp. The fingers can be pushed easily below the transverse and each process can be felt. The loin is thin with no fat cover.
45
What does score 2 feel like?
The vertical processes are prominent but smooth; individual processes being felt only as corrugations. The horizontal processes are smooth and rounded, but it is still possible to press fingers under. The loin muscle is moderate in depth but with very little fat cover.
46
What does score 3 feel like?
The vertical processes are smooth and rounded; the bone is only felt with pressure. The horizontal processes are also smooth and well covered; hard pressure is required with the fingers to find the ends. The loin muscle is full and with a moderate fat cover.
47
What does score 4 feel like?
The vertical processes are only detectable as a line. The ends of the horizontal processes cannot be felt. The loin muscles are full and rounded, and have a thick covering of fat.
48
What does score 5 feel like?
The vertical and transverse processes cannot be detected even with pressure; there is a dimple in the fat layers where the processes should be. The loin muscles are very full and covered with very thick fat.
49
What is flushing?
Increasing plane of nutrition to ensure weight and condition score gain prior to breeding
50
Explain the process of flushing. (4)
* Increasing the plane of nutrition (energy intake) prior to breeding – 6-8 weeks * Better response early in the breeding season * Better response with mature rather than young ewes * Better response with ewes with a low starting BCS
51
Flushing and Body Condition: 1- BCS at mating= 2- How many weeks on good grass = 1 unit of body condition? 3- What should you avoid before flushing? 4- When should flushing be continued until?
1- Body score 3-3.5 at mating 2- 6-10 wks on good grass= 1 unit of body condition 3- Avoid over-starving before flushing and have ewes increasing in weight 4- Avoid stress and continue flushing for 1st month of pregnancy
52
How does flushing work? 4 points
* Increases the numbers of eggs ovulated * Improve LH surges- required for ovulation * Increased nutrition – increases insulin production– increases glucose uptake – increases oocyte growth * Hepatic steroid metabolising enzymes are increased thus clearing steroids with an associated increase in gonadotrophin
53
If there is a negative energy balance, what effects can it have on reproduction?
-Anovulation -Anoestrus
54
If there is an energy balance, what effects can it have on reproduction?
Ovulation rate below natural maximum
55
If there is a positive energy balance, what effects can it have on reproduction?
Maximum natural ovulation
56
Slide 41 havent a clue
57
Mineral nutrition at mating: 4
* Selenium * Cobalt * Copper * Iodine – All implicated to varying extents in reproductive failure, embryonic death, low litter size
58
Synchronised lambing explain 'The Ram Effect'
* Week – 6: isolate ewes from rams * Day 0: introduce vasectomised rams * Day 2: remove vasectomised rams * Day 3-4: Silent heat (2nd silent heat 6 days later in portion of the flock) * Day 14: introduce fertile rams * Day 18: normal heat peak 1 * Day 26: normal heat peak 2 * Day 35-43: repeat cycle
59
Sponging to synchronise oestrus/lambing
Day 0AM- insert sponges Day 12AM- Remove sponges and inject PMSG (500-750IU) Day 13PM- Mating Hogget ewes Day 14AM- Mating mature ewes Day 16- Remove Rams Day 28- Introduce Rams for repeat mating Day 34- Remove Rams Day 80- Scan Ewes and return non pregnant ewes to ram
60
Early pregnancy situation:
Ovulation: 12 hours after Oestrus; Fertilisation, up to 24 hours alter; implantation does not occur for another 15 days
61
Ram management : Week 10 prior to tupping: Week 7 prior to tupping In the first 3 weeks of tubbing what happens? When are most ewes served?
Examine rams 10 weeks before tupping start feeding protein supplement. Testicles should be large and firm 7 weeks before tupping Semen used to fertilise the ewes served in the first three weeks of tupping is produced here Most ewes are served during the first 3 weeks of tupping So from 10 weeks to week 0 you need to feed rams high quality bypass protein supplement From week 0-6 you the ram is with the ewes
62
What BCS should a ram be? How much body weight can a ram lose in a 6 week season? What will reduce mating activity?
* BCS 3.5-4: fit not fat. Can lose 15% of body weight in a 6 week season * Feet: no lameness or infection. Can reduce function and also breeding for lameness * Brisket sores/ lesions: Will reduce mating activity
63
What should the Scrotum/testicles be like of a ram?
x2, descended, firm, free of hard lumps. Large testicles produce 80% more semen than medium sized testicles
64
Flock life of a ram:
As the ram gets older from 1 year old to 4 years old the ram decreases in value anywhere from €7.50/3.00-€1.88/0.75
65
What should the ratio be of a ram in a flock?
25/30:1 Never depend on one ram for a flock!
66
Shearling ratio in a flock:
50/60: 1
67
2 shear (3 year old) in a flock?
up to 80
68
Sponging in a flock ratio:
8-10: 1
69
What is the practice:
40 ewes/ ram or 3 rams for the average flock
70
In NZ how many ewes per ram?
up to 150 ewes per mature ram
71
Time of mating:
1. Early Lamb (a) Relate lambing time to the time of Easter. If Easter is early lamb before Christmas (unless concentrate fed). If Easter late, lamb after Christmas. (b) Lambing to mean sale date is about 16 weeks (c) Avoid lambing Christmas day >> mate after August 5th. 2. March Lambing Lambing 10-20 March. Rams joined in mid-October -- earlier in South and later in North 3. Hill/Mountain Systems Mating in Nov. Lambing in April (when herbage growing)
72
Raddling/Keeling 1. Why use some form of marker at mating ?
-- infertile ewes -- infertile rams -- estimate lambing time/date
73
Raddling methods: (5)
-- crayon – soft/hard >> use proper kind -- colours yellow/green/red/blue/black -- raddle powder -- raddle harness -- rub-on crayon
74
How often should you change colour for raddling/keeling?
Use some form of marker and change colour every 15-17 days
75
What are the Raddling – Economic Advantages
1. High quality hay/silage fed Concentrates: 0.1 - 0.7 kg in last 7 wks 2. Lambing spread 6 weeks Concentrate cost: €380/t FEED SAVING DUE TO SPONGING & RAM RADDLING €3.72/ewe
76
*Colour change every ?? days; ??% lambed in first 2 wks; ??% in next 2 wks; ??% lamb in first 3 weeks
14 days 50% 30% 65%
77
Savings are greater where:
* (a) Roughage quality poorer; (b) Lambing longer than 6 weeks (c) Higher concentrate prices (d) Thin ewes
78
Raddling – Economic Advantages (4)
* Economise on feed costs, especially concentrate supplementation * Saving greater with poor quality forage, higher concentrate costs, long feeding period * More efficient planning of whole system – Housing ! – Winter shearing ! * Batch ewes according to lambing date
79
What % of farmers raddle rams at mating?
61%

Nutrition S (7 decks)

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