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BMS 337 (Neuro) > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What structures make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata

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3
Q

What are the embryonic origings of the three parts of the brainstem?

A
  1. Mesencephalon - Midbrain
  2. Metencephalon - Pons
  3. Myelencephalon - Medulla oblongata
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4
Q

Label these structures of the brainstem.

A
  1. Brainstem
  2. Midbrain
  3. Pons
  4. Medulla oblongata
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5
Q

What makes up the gray matter of the brainstem?

A

neuroglia cells (NOT Schwann cells!)

Neuronal cell bodies

(ex: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia cells)

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6
Q

To what do the sensory and motor nuclei of the brainstem contribute?

A

Cranial nerves

The cranial motor and sensory nuclei are segmented, either sensory or motor, and have very specific functions - don’t need to remember exact nuclei!

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7
Q

What is the difference between tract and nerve?

A

Tract - aggregate of axons within the central nervous system

Nerve - peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

What makes up the white matter of the brainstem?

A

Axons, Neuroglia

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9
Q

Where do the ascending and descending tracts of the brainstem originate? What do they give rise to?

A

They orginate in the cerebral cortex, brainstem or spinal cord.

They give rise to cranial nerves.

We don’t need to memorize this figure but it’s a good idea to check it out on Pg 173 of the lecture notes - it’s way better than this one.

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10
Q

Are there neuronal cell bodies in white matter?

A

NO WAY! This is the primary difference between white matter and gray matter.

You guys rock! You’re going to ace this exam!

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11
Q

When a section of the brainstem is prepared with Nissle stain…

  1. What structures stain blue?
  2. What structures stain pink?
  3. What does it mean when there is a mixture of blue and pink in a large area?
A
  1. White matter - blue
  2. Gray matter - pink
  3. Mixed white and gray matter
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12
Q
  1. What is the reticular formation?
  2. What kind of matter makes up the reticular formation?
A
  1. The large area in the middle of a cross-section of the brainstem that is blue with lots of pink dots - according to Uemera, looks like a kid “mixed two colors of paint.”
  2. Both white and gray matter - axons and neuronal cell bodies intermixed.
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13
Q
  1. What type of cells make up the nuclei in this cross-section?
  2. What types of cells make up the tracts in this cross-section?
A
  1. Nuclei (pink) - aggregates of neuronal cell bodies (we don’t need to know the names of the nuclei… at least not yet!)
  2. Tracts (blue) - myelinated axons
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14
Q

How many of the cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

A

10 cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

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15
Q

What part of the brain does the Olfactory nerve (CN I) arise from?

Hint - not in the brainstem

A

Telencephalon gives rise to olfactory n. (CN I)

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16
Q

From what part of the brain does the Optic nerve (CN II) arise?

Hint: Not the brainstem

A

The diencephalon gives rise to the optic n. (CN II)

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17
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A
  1. Oculomotor (III)
  2. Trochlear (IV)
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18
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

A

Trigeminal (V)

19
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. abducent (VI)
  2. Facial (VII)
  3. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
  4. Glossopharyngeal (IX)
  5. Vagus (X)
  6. Accessory (XI)
  7. Hypoglossal (XII)
20
Q

Name the cranial sensory nuclei

A
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. thalamus
  3. lateral geniculate nucleus
21
Q

Name the cranial sensory nuclei

(the 3 with the red arrows are on another card)

A
  1. Cochlear nuclei
  2. vestibular nuclei
22
Q

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus continue as?

A

The optic tract.

23
Q
  1. What kind of information does the cochlear nuclei receive?
  2. Where is it receiving information from?
A
  1. It receives sensory afferent auditory signals
  2. From the cochlea in the inner ear
24
Q
  1. What kind of information does the vestibular nuclei receive?
  2. Where is this information coming from?
A
  1. It receives sensory information
  2. From the vestibular organi within the inner ear
25
Q

Where do the two different motor fibers in the oculomotor nerve go?

A
  1. To skeletal muscle - motor nucleus of the oculomotor nerve
26
Q

How do you name the somatic motor nucleus?

A

Somatic motor nucleus is named after the CN that carries somatic motor fibers to SKELETAL MUSCLE

(ex: Motor nucleus of the oculomotor n.)

27
Q

How do you name the parasympathetic motor nucleus?

A

Parasympatheic motor nucleus is named after the CN that carries parasympathetic fibers to SMOOTH MUSCLE and GLANDS

(ex: Parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomo

28
Q

What is the exception to the cranial motor nucleus naming rules?

A

Nucleus ambiguus - we will learn more about what it is and its function later.

29
Q

What is the function of the motor nucleus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Innervates the extraocular mm.

(Medial rectus, ventral oblique, dorsal rectus, ventral rectus, levator palpebrae superioris

30
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

To innervate the pupillary spincter and ciliary mm.

31
Q

What is the functin of the ciliary muscle of the eyeball?

A

Accomodation of the lens to focus on objects moving nearer/farther.

32
Q

What is the emerging site of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

A

Emerges from the ventral side of the medulla - the pyramid structure

33
Q

What is the central nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

A

The motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve. (It is not on the surface of the brainstem)

34
Q

What is the function of the motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

A

Innervates the skeletal muscle of the tongue.

35
Q

I’m not sure that you have to ID this, but just know the the tracts come from the central nucleus to form the hypoglossal n.

A

See pages 2 and 3 of the lecture notes if you want more info… I was kind of confused about what he wanted us to get from this

36
Q

What is the target tisue of the hypoglossal n (XII)?

A

Skeletal muscle of the tongue

37
Q

What is the function of the genioglossus m?

A

To pull out and depress tongue

38
Q

Label these structures of the tongue.

A
  1. Styloglossus M.
  2. Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
  3. Hyoglossus m.
  4. Genioglossus m.
39
Q

In which direction does the tongue deviate with RIGHT unilateral lesions of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Resting or panting - deviates to the LEFT

Licking - deviates to the RIGHT

40
Q

If the hypoglossal nerve is unilaterally lesioned and the lesion is detected EARLY, to which side does the tongue deviate when the dog is resting/panting?

A

EARLY LESION: to the NORMAL side when resting/panting

41
Q

If the hypoglossal nerve is unilaterally lesioned and the lesion is detected EARLY, to which side does the tongue deviate when the dog is licking?

A

EARLY lesion, tongue deviates to the LESIONED side when licking

42
Q

If the hypoglossal nerve is unilaterally lesioned and the lesion is CHRONIC, to which side does the tongue deviate when the dog is resting/panting? When it is licking?

A

CHRONIC unilateral lesion, tongue deviates to the LESIONED side whether the dog is resting/panting OR licking!

43
Q

What the videos of the people and horses sticking their tongues out at you! Try to figre out which side is lesioned.

A

BMS 337 (Neuro) (14 decks)

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