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Physiology II > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

O1-S2

Which cerebral cortex layer is the termination of most incoming specific sensory signals?

A. IV
B. V and VI
C. I, II, and III
D. VI

A

A.

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2
Q

O1-S2

Which cerebral cortex layer is the origin of most output signals?

A. V and IV
B. V and VI
C. I, II, and III
D. VI and IV

A

B.

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3
Q

O1-S2

Which layer fibers to the thalamus coming from it?

A. III
B. IV
C. V
D. VI

A

D.

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4
Q

O1-S2

Which cerebral cortex layer has intracortical association function?

A. III
B. I and II
C. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and IV

A

C.

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5
Q

What is the major motor center of cerebral cortex?

Major sensory center?

A

Motor - Precentral gyrus and sulcus

Sensory - Postcentral gyrus and sulcus

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6
Q

O1-S1

Types of neurons in the cerebral cortex and an explanation

A

Granular (stellate) - Star shaped, Short axons; interneurons; both excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA)

Fusiform - smaller output neurons

Pyramidal - large output neurons (sends output signals all the way down the Spinal cord)

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7
Q

O2-S1

What is the relationship of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex?

A

Almost all pathways from sensory receptors and sensory organs to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus

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8
Q

O2-S2

Thalamocortical system

A

Thalamus and cerebral cortex work in close association with each other

Thalamus and cerebral cortex can almost be considered both anatomically and functionally a single unit

Often referred to as this term

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9
Q

What happens when thalamic connections are cut?

A

The functions of those corresponding cortical areas become almost entirely lost

Lots of diff functions could be lost (auditory, visual, motor, sensory)

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10
Q

O3-S1/2

Primary motor areas
Primary sensory areas
Secondary motor areas
Secondary sensory areas

A

Primary motor areas - Direct connections with specific muscles
Primary sensory areas - Detect specific sensations
Secondary motor areas - Provide patterns of motor activity
Secondary sensory areas - Analyze meanings of specific sensory signals

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11
Q

O3-S3

Association areas

A

Areas of cortex that receive and analyze signal simultaneously from multiple motor and sensory cortices

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12
Q

O3-S3

What are the three main association areas?

A

Parietal-occipitotemporal AA (POTAA)
Prefrontal AA
Limbic AA

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13
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Sub areas of POTAA

A

Area for analysis of spatial coordinates
Wernicke’s Area
Angular gyrus area
Area for naming objects

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14
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Which area receives pre analyzed sensory info (esp concerning spatial coordinates) necessary for planning effective movements?

A. Parietooccipitotemporal AA
B. Limbic AA
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Prefrontal AA

Carries out “thought” processes in the mind

A

D.

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15
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Output info from prefrontal AA passes through what?

A. Cranial portion of basal ganglia
B. Thalamus
C. Caudate portion of basal ganglia
D. Prefrontal lobe

A

C.

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16
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Which area is concerned with behavior, emotions, and motivation?

A. Parietooccipitotemporal AA
B. Limbic AA
C. Angular gyrus area
D. Broca’s area

A

B.

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17
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Which area carries out “thought” processes in the mind?

A. Parietooccipitotemporal AA
B. Limbic AA
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Prefrontal AA

A

D.

18
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Which area of the brain provides circuitry or motor patterns for word formation?

A. Broca’s area
B. Wernicke’s area
C. Facial recognition area
D. Limbic AA

A

A.

19
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Which area works closely with Wernicke’s Area?

A. Broca’s area
B. Language comprehension area
C. Area for naming objects
D. Facial recognition area

A

A.

20
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Which may be the reason that most people are right handed?

A. Broca’s area is dominant on the right side of the brain
B. Wernicke’s area is dominant on the right side of the brain
C. Wernicke’s area is dominant on the left side of the brain
D. Broca’s area is dominant on the left side of the brain

A

D.

21
Q

O3-S3 to S6

A patient expresses a lack of motivational drive for learning, lack of emotional drive to carry out daily tasks, and erratic behavior. Which area of brain is likely the cause?

A. Parietooccipitotemporal AA
B. Limbic AA
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Prefrontal AA

A

B.

22
Q

O3-S3 to S6

A patient expresses an inability to comprehend written or spoken language. Trauma to which area of brain is likely the cause?

A. Parietooccipitotemporal AA
B. Broca’s area
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Angular gyrus area

A

C.

23
Q

O3-S3 to 6

A patient expresses excellent language comprehension through hearing. However, the patient cannot comprehend language through reading. Which area of the brain may be absent?

A. Angular gyrus area
B. Limbic AA
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Prefrontal AA

A

A.

24
Q

O3-S3 to 6

Which area of the brain is the most important region of entire brain for higher intellectual function

A. Parietooccipitotemporal AA
B. Broca’s area
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Angular gyrus area

A

C.

25
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Activation of which area of the brain may be able to call forth complicated memory patterns involving more than one sensory modality?

A. Parietooccipitotemporal AA
B. Prefrontal AA
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Angular gyrus area

A

C.

26
Q

O3-S7

Dominant hemisphere

A

Hemisphere where Wernicke’s area, angular gyrus, Broca’s area, and motor areas for controlling hands are more developed/dominant is called the “Dominant hemisphere”

27
Q

O3-S7

Which hemisphere is the dominant one in most people? And what is the result of this?

A

Left hemisphere dominant in 95% of population

95% of popul is right handed

28
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Extensive damage to what area would cause prosopagnosia?

A. Broca’s area
B. Facial recognition area
C. Wernicke’s area
D. Angular gyrus area

A

B.

29
Q

O3-S3 to S6

Occipital portion of facial recognition area is next to ________ and the temporal portion is closely associated with the _______?

A. Limbic system; visual cortex
B. Occipital lobe; Temporal lobe
C. Visual cortex; Occipital lobe
D. Visual cortex; limbic system

A

D.

30
Q

O3-S8

What are the effects of a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

Higher intellect:

Loss of ability to solve complex problems
Inability to multi-task
Inability to string together sequential tasks to reach complex goal
Decrease in level of aggressiveness (ambition)
Inappropriate social responses
Inability to carry through long trains of thought
Loss of purpose while performing usual motor pattern functions
Ineffective working memory

31
Q

O3-S8

Abilities due to working memory

A

Prognostication (predicting future events)
Planning for future
Delay in response to incoming sensory signals
Ability to consider consequences of motor actions
Ability to solve complicated math, legal, or philosophical problems
Control of activites in accord with moral law

32
Q

O4

Corpus callosum

A

Major commissure (joint) btw the two hemispheres

33
Q

O4

What is the result of cutting the corpus callosum?

A

Prevention of transfer of info from Wernicke’s area to non- dominant motor cortex

Prevention of transfer of somatic and visual info from right hemisphere into Wernicke’s area

Two entirely separate conscious portions of the brain

34
Q

O5-S4

Declarative memory

A

Refers to memory of various details of an integrated thought

Might include:
Memory of surroundings
Memory of time relationships
Memory of causes of experience
Memory of meaning of experience
Memory of deductions as a result of experience
35
Q

O5-S4

Reflexive (skill) memory

A

Memory associated with motor activities

36
Q

O5-S5

Short term memory

A

Lasts only as long as the person thinks of number or facts

Memory of a telephone number

37
Q

O5-S5

Intermediate long term Memory

A

Lasts many minutes or weeks

May become long term if memory traces are activated enough

38
Q

O5-S7

Describe mechanism for facilitation

A
  • Simultaneous stimulation of facilitator presynaptic terminal and sensory terminal
  • Serotonin released at facilitator synapse bind to receptors
  • Serotonin receptors in sensory terminal activate adenyl cyclase –> cAMP
  • cAMP activates part of K+ channel responsible for blocking channel
  • K+ channel blocked for minutes to weeks
  • Lack of K+ efflux causes greatly prolonged action potential in synapse terminal (membrane cannot repolarize)
  • Prolonged AP causes prolonged activation of Ca2+ channels
  • Porlonged activation of Ca2+ channels prolongs transmitter release
39
Q

O5-S8

What long term changes occur to bring about long term memory

A
  • Increase in vesicle release sites for secretion of transmitter substance
  • Increase in # of transmitter vesicles released
  • Increase in number of presynaptic terminals
  • Changes in structures of dendritic spines
40
Q

As studied in Aplysia, which neurotransmitter is released by facilitator neurons into the facilitator synapse?

A. Dopamine
B. GABA
C. Ach
D. Serotonin

A

D. Serotonin

Physiology II (4 decks)

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