Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the two control mechanisms for acquisition & execution of the motor program and error correction

Answer 1

• feedforward

- feedback

Question 2

What is a motor program?

Answer 2

a long term memory structure, the ‘representation of a to-be-performed movement’

Question 3

What 5 things are simultaneously processed when accessing motor programs

Answer 3

(1) what needs to be done (target)
(2) the current state of ones body in space
(3) what is to be achieved by a given movement (somatosensory)
(4) what feedback is expected during its execution
(5) how successfully it met its aim (Error)

Question 4

What are generalized motor programs?

Answer 4

classes of actions (i.e. all of the motor programs for reaching for a pen)

Question 5

In terms of motor programs, what would explain apraxia of speech?

Answer 5

• problems (re)establishing programs

- loss of motor programs

Question 6

In terms of motor programs what would explain ataxia/hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 6

problems with selection and access to motor programs

Question 7

In terms of motor programs, what would explain dysarthria?

Answer 7

problems with execution of the motor programs due to something like insufficient sensory feedback about ongoing movement

Question 8

Explain the feedforward mechanism

Answer 8

Movements are controlled based on pre- programmed instructions (top down) about the movements

Question 9

What are 3 pieces of evidence reflecting the feedforward mechanism

Answer 9

• speech errors emeny/enemy
• anticipatory coarticulation
• loss of hearing in adulthood

Question 10

What is the caveat to the idea of a feedforward mechanism?

Answer 10

too many motor commands would have to be stored, and it would take up too much memory

Question 11

Explain the feedback mechanism

Answer 11

Movements are controlled based on the feedback that CNS receives

Question 12

What are 3 pieces of evidence reflecting the feedback mechanism?

Answer 12

• sensory disturbances affect speech
• perturbation studies
• correction of speech errors

Question 13

what is the problem with the idea of feedback mechanism?

Answer 13

too slow for corrections to occur ‘online’, both feedback and feedforward are needed for this to happen

Question 14

What are 2 theories of speech motor control

Answer 14

• segmental theory of speech motor control, DIVA model

- dynamic systems theory

Question 15

In Tx of MSD, we have to focus on recognizing both ____________ and ___________

Answer 15

acoustics

articulation

Question 16

If an individual has somatosensory deficiencies and they can’t feel where their tongue is in their mouth, what would you focus on during Tx?

Answer 16

-articulation and hearing the sound it makes

Question 17

What is the definition of motor learning?

Answer 17

A set of [internal] processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively PERMANENT CHANGES in the capability for movement

Question 18

Motor learning occurs as a direct result of ________

Answer 18

practice

Question 19

How do we infer that motor learning has occurred?

Answer 19

on the basis of the change in the behaviour that can be observed

Question 20

What is the difference between acquisition and learning?

Answer 20

• Acquisition is temporary performance enhancement during treatment or practice
• Learning is long term retention and generalization of improved performance

Question 21

T or F: what enhances motor acquisition is the same as what enhances motor learning

Answer 21

false

Question 22

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

Answer 22

• cognitive
• associative
• automatic

Question 23

Describe the cognitive stage of motor learning

Answer 23

understanding the goal, what it will take for speech to improve, motivation

Question 24

Describe the associative stage of motor learning

Answer 24

performing and refining the skill

Question 25

Describe the automatic stage of motor learning

Answer 25

transition to full automatic | control mode

Question 26

Within the associative stage of motor learning, what are the 4 phases?

Answer 26

- acquisition phase - automatization phase - retention (transfer) phase - generalization

Question 27

Describe the acquisition phase of motor learning

Answer 27

practice occurs

Question 28

Describe the automatization phase of motor learning

Answer 28

extended practice in varying conditions; produce target under conditions of reduced attention and varied feedback

Question 29

Describe the retention (transfer) phase of motor learning

Answer 29

ime interval long enough to ensure lasting effects of training in specific, practiced conditions

Question 30

Describe the generalization phase of motor learning

Answer 30

using a skill in situations/ environments different from the original conditions; ability to self-monitor.

Question 31

What are some conditions for motor learning (i.e. one example is expert model)

Answer 31

discovery learning, physical practice, mental practice

Question 32

T or F: when using an expert model for motor learning, the model has to be the therapist

Answer 32

F - the model can be another learner

Question 33

What 3 conditions are considered when creating optimal learning

Answer 33

- task - practice - feedback

Question 34

What can you manipulate about the Task component of motor speech to create optimal learning?

Answer 34

task selection task schedule task variability

Question 35

What can you manipulate about the Practice component of motor speech to create optimal learning

Answer 35

practice amount | practice distribution

Question 36

What can you manipulate about the Feedback component of motor speech to create optimal learning

Answer 36

feedback type feedback frequency feedback timing

Question 37

Which is more optimal for motor learning in terms of task complexity: developmental sequence or starting at a more difficult level

Answer 37

starting at a more difficult level

Question 38

A blocked task schedule facilitates ____________ and a random task schedule facilitates ___________

Answer 38

acquisition | retention

Question 39

Task variability degrades performance during ___________ but facilitates ___________

Answer 39

acquisition | retention

Question 40

In order to achieve a motor change, you need how many reps of a motor activity?

Answer 40

200-300

Question 41

Distributed practice facilitates ___________ and massed practice facilitates __________

Answer 41

retention | acquisition

Question 42

What type of feedback is most effective for learning?

Answer 42

a combination of Knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP)

Question 43

______ frequency feedback improves acquisition but degrades performance on long term retention and transfer

Answer 43

high

Question 44

Delayed feedback facilitates __________

Answer 44

retention

Question 45

When considering overall task selection we need to consider what 3 characteristics to provide an optimal challenge?

Answer 45

- patient's ability - task complexity - environment (levels of support)

Question 46

In which situation would you want to use conditions that facilitate acquisition at first?

Answer 46

for patients who need high success when starting Tx

Question 47

What are the 4 goals of treatment in MSD?

Answer 47

- speech intelligibility - ability to perform @ max capacity - ability to use different feedback modalities - ability to self-correct

Question 48

Why don't we use oral motor exercises to improve speech?

Answer 48

Task-specificity: Muscles must be conditioned during the tasks that needs improvement, not in general

Question 49

Training increases the # of ___________ recruited for the task

Answer 49

motor units

Question 50

What neural mechanism is proposed to be the basis of imitation learning, the basis for speech/communication and aids in theory of mind?

Answer 50

mirror neurons

Question 51

The ability of the CNS to change and adopt in response to environment, experience, injury or disease is called what?

Answer 51

neuroplasticity

Question 52

What factors make speech unique among motor systems?

Answer 52

- combination of different muscle types - muscles are fatigue resistant and fast contracting - neural coupling between all speech subsystems, linked to respiration - system is very resilient to damage (bilateral innervation) - aging affects speech differently than limb muscles

Question 53

What are some types of treatment for MSDs?

Answer 53

- pharmacological - surgery - behavioural (re-training/compensatory) - biofeedback - prosthetic devices/AAC