Lecture 3 Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are some indications to do a urinalysis
Clinical or biochemical evidence of UTI
Dehydration (must measure USG before fluid therapy)
Evidence of hemolytic disease
Search for crystalluria (liver disease, antifreeze, drugs)
Search for organisms in systemically infected animals
How would a morning UA differ from an evening UA?
Morning (fasted)= higher USG, lower pH, mored formed elements; preferred
Evening (non-fasted)= lower USG, more alkaline pH, fewer formed elements
What is the only method of sample collection that you can use for a urine culture
Cystocentesis
What is the preferred sample collection method and why
Cystocentesis because it avoids lower urinary tract contaminants
What are contraindications for cystocentesis
Clotting disorders
Thrombocytopenia
If you have to retrieve urine from the floor or other surface, what tests are invalidated?
Culture and dipstick
Microscopy is the only remaining valid test
When should urine analysis be performed after collection?
Ideally within 1 hour
If it cannot be within 1 hour, should be refrigerator and analyzed within 12-24 hours
What are artifacts of an old sample?
Lysed cells
Increased urine pH
Microbial proliferation
Degradation of casts, bilirubin, and ketones
What temperature should urine be when analyzed?
Room temperature
*cold temperature can falsely increase USG
Describe the urine collection procedure
Obtain urine and save 1 mL for chemical analysis
Centrifuge 5 mL
Remove 4 mL of supernatant for USG
Resuspend pellet in remaining 1 mL for stained and unstained slide prep
What should you be looking at on gross evaluation?
Color and turbidity
What species have cloudy urine that is normal due to calcium carbonate crystals?
Elephants, rabbits, guinea pigs, and horses
What can cause urine to be cloudy?
Crystals, cells, mucus, bacteria, casts, lipid droplets, mucus, sperm
What do you look for on chemical analysis
Bilirubin Blood Glucose Ketones PH Protein
What is the normal pH for carnivores/suckling herbivores?
Herbivores?
5.5-7.5
7-8.5
Is glucose normally present in the urine?
No
How must you interpret glucose in urine?
Always in light of blood glucose concentration
What can induce glucosuria in cats
Stress induced transient hyperglycemia
What can cause false negatives for glucosuria?
Vitamin C, cleaners, medications (enrofloxacin, cephalexin)
Which ketone is detected by the dipstick?
Acetoacetate
What diseases are associated with altered carbohydrate metabolism?
Diabetes mellitus
Bovine ketosis
Pregnancy
Negative energy balance
Where do ketones accumulate first?c
Urine and milk BEFORE blood
In what species is bilirubin in the urine never normal and why?
Cats because they have a very high renal threshold for bilirubin
Is bilirubin in urine normal in dogs?
Yes in small amounts, especially male dogs
