Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the four major divisions of the brain?

Answer 1

Brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

Question 2

What is the brain stem composed of?

Answer 2

Medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon

Question 3

What is considered a conduit which has many ascending and descending tracts?

Answer 3

Cerebral peduncle

Question 4

What is an example of a motor tract?

Answer 4

Pyramidal tract

Question 5

What has fiber tracts with nuclei in the CVS and respiration?

Answer 5

Medulla Oblongata

Question 6

What is the Nucleus Cuneatus involved in?

Answer 6

Senses

Question 7

What is the Nucleus gracile involved in?

Answer 7

Pain

Question 8

What connects the sides of the cerebellum and is a respiratory center?

Answer 8

Pons

Question 9

What do the nuclei do?

Answer 9

Relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum along with nuclei that deal mainly with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation and posture

Question 10

What looks like a folia with layers and deep nuclei?

Answer 10

Cerebellum

Question 11

What is the white matter in the cerebellum called?

Answer 11

Arbor vitae

Question 12

What is deep white matter?

Answer 12

Tracts

Question 13

How much of neurons in the CNS are in the cerebellum?

Answer 13

40%

Question 14

What are the roles of the cerebellum?

Answer 14

Controls muscle tone, coordination, motor error-checking and learning

Question 15

What is cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 15

It is a condition which has loss of cerebellar neurons, jerky precise movements, and degeneration of folia

Question 16

What does the mesencephalon (midbrain) contain?

Answer 16

Cerebral peduncles, tectum, substantia nigra, nucleus ruber

Question 17

What is on the roof of the midbrain?

Answer 17

Tectum

Question 18

What is the tectum composed of?

Answer 18

Superior and inferior colliculi

Question 19

What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

Answer 19

Superior colliluci is involved in the visual reflex, such as eye movements, while the inferior colliculi is involved in the auditory reflex

Question 20

What are two animals whose auditory and visual reflexes do not register with each other when mapping the outside world?

Answer 20

Cows and sheep

Question 21

What is the substantia nigra?

Answer 21

It makes dopamine and melanin as a byproduct

Question 22

What controls motor coordination and is pinky red?

Answer 22

Nucleus ruber

Question 23

Why is the nucleus ruber pinky red?

Answer 23

Haemoglobin and ferritin

Question 24

What is the reticular formulation?

Answer 24

Brainstem neuron clusters and cardiovascular centers

Question 25

How would you activate the reticuar formulation?

Answer 25

Slap myself, splash cold water

Question 26

What does the reticular activating system control?

Answer 26

Circadian rhythm, alertness, emotion

Question 27

What is the diencephalon?

Answer 27

It is part of the forebrain and links the midbrain and cerebrum.

Question 28

What does the diencephalon contain?

Answer 28

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

Question 29

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 29

It decides where the impulses go. A processing and relay center. Controls all special senses except smell, motor role, arousal, emotion, higher functions

Question 30

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 30

It is an endocrine organ that secretes melatonin and serotonin

Question 31

What does melatonin and serotonin do?

Answer 31

Control circadian rhythm

Question 32

What does the build up of melatonin lead to?

Answer 32

Sleepiness

Question 33

Where is the primary cortical target for olfactory input?

Answer 33

Piriform complex

Question 34

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 34

Controls eating, drinking, sexual behavior, stress, ANS